Taguba Report Annex 22: Army Field Manual FM 3-19.40: Military Police Internment/Resettlement Operations

FM 3-19.40
(formerly FM 19-40)
Military Police
44
Headquarters,
Department of the Army

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
1\04•Jcy 23_
DODD0A-000729
*FM 3-19.40 (FM 19.40)

Field Manual Headquarters
No. 3-19.40 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 1 August 2001

Military Police
Internment/Resettlement Operations

Contents
Page
PREFACE C

PART ONE FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNMENT/RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS
Chapter 1CINTRODUCTION C 1-1
Procedures 1-1 Definitions 1-2 Objectives 1-5 Agencies 1-6 Protection of Captives and Detainees 1-11 Protection of Enemy Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees 1-12 Protection of Refugees 1-13
Chapter 2CCOMMANDER AND STAFF RESPONSIBILITIES . 2-1 Section I -Commanders C 2-1 Procedures 2-1 Principles and Policies 2-2 Security 2-5 Section II - Staff Officers C 2-9
Adjutant General 2-9 Finance Officer 2-9 Civil-Military Operations Officer 2-9 Chaplain 2-10 Engineer Officer 2-10 Public Affairs Officer 2-10 Signal Officer 2-10 Staff Judge Advocate 2-10 Medical Operations 2-11
Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*This publication supersedes FM 19-40, 27 February 1976, and FM 19-60, 27 May 1986.
DODD0A-000730

FM 3-19.40
Page
Movement Control Officer . 2-12 Inspector General . 2-12 Psychological Operations . 2-12
Section III - Training C 2-13

PART TWO ENEMY PRISONERS OF WAR AND CIVILIAN INTERNEES
Chapter 3CDIVISION COLLECTING POINTS AND CORPS HOLDING AREAS C3-1
Overview . 3-1 Processing Captive... 3-2 Evacuating Captives . 3-8 Division Collecting Points . 3-10 Corps Holding Areas . 3-15 Collocated Screening Sites . 3-17 Collecting Points in Other Operations . 3-18
Chapter 4CENEMY PRISONERS OF WAR C 4-1
Evacuation . 4-1 Receiving and Processing Areas . 4-1 Assignment to Internment Facilities . 4-9 Control and Discipline . 4-12 Clothing . 4-15 Subsistence . 4-17 Medical and Sanitation Considerations . 4-17 Correspondence . 4-17 Canteens . 4-18 Social Programs . 4-18 Security . 4-21
Chapter 5CCIVILIAN INTERNEES C 5-1
General Protection . 5-1 Administrative Responsibilities . 5-2 Principles and Policies . 5-3 Clothing . 5-5 Subsistence . 5-5 Receiving and Processing Areas . 5-6 Control and Discipline . 5-10 Internee Committee .
5-12 Correspondence . 5-13 Complaints and Requests . 5-13 Medical Treatment . 5-13 Sanitation .
5-13 Transfer .
5-14 Release .
5-15 Social Programs .
5-15 Employment .
5-16 Security .
5-17 Disturbances .
5-18 Facility Markings .
5-18
DODD0A-000731

FM 3-19.40
Page
Chapter 6CINTERNMENT/RESETTLEMENT FACILITIES C
6-1
Planning 6-1 Security Requirements 6-2 Layout 6-3 Receiving and Processing Centers 6-5 Medical and Sanitation Considerations 6-7

PART THREE UNITED STATES MILITARY PRISONERS
Chapter 7AARMY CORRECTIONS SYSTEM C 7-1
Levels of Confinement 7-1 Correctional Facilities 7-3 Legal Rights and Requirements 7-3 Segregation 7-4 Custody and Control 7-5 Correctional-Treatment Programs 7-8 Employment and Education 7-10 Recreation 7-10 Compensation, Clemency, and Parole 7-11 Correctional Staff 7-12 Prisoner Services Branch 7-16 Personal Property and Funds 7-18 Mail and Correspondence 7-19 Support Personnel 7-20 Transfer and Disposition Procedures 7-21 Logistics 7-22 Medical and Dental Treatment 7-23
Chapter 8CBATTLEFIELD CONFINEMENT OF UNITED STATES MILITARY PRISONERS . 8-1
Planning 8-1 Field Detention Facility 8-3 Field Confinement Facility 8-3 Transfer and Disposition of Prisoners 8-19
PART FOUR MILITARY POLICE SUPPORT TO CIVIL-MILITARY OPERATIONS

Chapter 9CPOPULACE AND RESOURCE CONTROL C 9-1
Dislocated-Civilian Operations 9-2 Planning Dislocated-Civilian Operations 9-3 Military Police Support to Dislocated-Civilian Operations 9-7
Chapter 10 HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND EMERGENCY SERVICES C10-1
Section I - Humanitarian Assistance C 10-1
Operational Environment
10-1 Rules of Engagement 10-3 Legal Considerations 10-3 Military Police Support
10-4
Iii
DODD0A-000732

FM 3-19.40
Page
Section II - Emergency Services C 10-14 In Continental United States . 10-14 Outside Continental United States . 10-17
A-1
Appendix A METRIC CONVERSIONS C
Appendix B USE OF FORCE AND RIOT CONTROL MEASURES C B-1
Use of Force . B-1 Deadly Force . B-1 Rules of Engagement . B-2 Nonlethal Weapons . B-3 Crowd Dynamics . B-6 Riot Control Measures . B-9 Riot Control Agents . B-11 Positions . B-14 Formations . B-16
Appendix C EQUIPMENT GUIDE C C-1
Appendix D MILITARY POLICE INTERNMENT/RESETTLEMENT UNITS C D-1
GLOSSARY C Glossary-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY C Bibliography-1
INDEX C Index-1
DODD0A-000733

Preface
In 1996, the United States (US) Army Military Police (MP) Corps restructured its four combat support (CS) missions into the following five CS functions. These functions adequately describe MP capabilities in support of US forces deployed worldwide.
•
Maneuver and mobility support.

•
Area security.

•
Law and order (L&O).

•
Internment/resettlement (UR).

•
Police intelligence operations.

Field Manual (FM) 3-19.40 depicts the doctrinal foundation, principles, and processes that MP will employ when dealing with enemy prisoners of war (EPWs), civilian internees (Cls), US military prisoner operations, and MP support to civil-military operations (populace and resource control [PRC], humanitarian assistance HAL and emergency services [ES]). FM 3-19.40 is not a standalone manual, and it must be used in combination with other publications. These publications are pointed out throughout the manual, and a consolidated list is provided in the bibliography.
This manual provides guidance that can be used by US Army service schools, students, sister services, and federal agencies. It is fully compatible with current joint, multinational, and interagency doctrine.
The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. Send comments and recommendations on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 directly to Commandant, US Army Military Police School, ATTN: ATSJ-MP-TD, 401 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 2060, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8926.
This publication implements Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 2044, Procedures for Dealing With Prisoners of War (PW) (Edition 5), 28 June 1994. NOTE: The DA term EPW is interchangeable with the term PW used in STANAG 2044. The DA uses the term PW when referring to US soldiers who are prisoners of the enemy and uses the term EPW when referring to enemy soldiers who are prisoners of the US.
Appendix A contains a metric conversion chart.
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
DODD0A-000734

PART ONE

Fundamentals of Internment/Resettlement
Operations

Part One provides information that is critical in understanding the I/R function. Clapter 1 introduces the manual by providing key definitions, establishing the I/R objectives and principles, and providing a list of agencies concerned with I/R operations. Chapter 2 describes commander and staff responsibilities that are unique to I/R operations. Together, these chapters provide leaders and soldiers with the foundation necessary for successful implementation of national military objectives as they relate to I/R operations.
Chapter 1

Introduction
This chapter provides key definitions as set forth by the Geneva and
Hague Conventions, Army regulations (ARs), and the Uniform Code of
Military Justice (UCMJ). These definitions explain personnel categories
that the MP commander may be tasked to handle, protect, and account for.
He must ensure that personnel are treated according to established laws,
regulations, and international agreements. The MP leaders and soldiers
conducting I/R operations must maintain task proficiency for each
category
PROCEDURES
1-1. Unlike EPW/CI operations in the past, I/R operations include additional detained persons. The I/R operations include handling, protecting, and accounting for dislocated civilians (DCs) and conducting battlefield confinement of US military prisoners. With the alignment of these additional categories, leaders and soldiers must ensure that they understand and are prepared to apply the rules of engagement (ROE) and the rules of interaction (ROI) that apply to each category. The keys to a successful I/R operation are getting the mission accomplished and performing the mission under the correct mind-set. For example, the ROE that may apply to an EPW may not apply to a refugee or a US military prisoner. However, an MP may be tasked to handle each category during the course of an operation. This dimension is addressed throughout the manual to increase the MP commander's
situational awareness (SA) as it relates to this aspect of I/R operations.
Introduction 1-1
DODD0A-000735

FM 3-19.40

DEFINITIONS
1-2. The following terms are defined below:
•
Combat zone (CZ).

•
EPW.

•
CI.

•
Retained person (RP).

•
Other detainee (OD).

•
DC.

•
Displaced person (DP).

•
Refugee.
. Evacuee.

•
Stateless person. . War victim.

•
Migrant.

•
Internally displaced person (IDP).

•
Expellee.

•
US military prisoner.

COMBAT ZONE
1-3. The CZ is the area required by combat forces to conduct operations. It normally extends forward from the land force's rear boundary. The communications zone (COMMZ) is the rear part of the theater of operations (TO). It is behind and contiguous to the CZ. The COMMZ contains lines of communication (LOC), supply and evacuation areas, and other agencies required for the immediate support and maintenance of field forces. It reaches to the continental United States (CONUS), to a supporting combatant command's area of responsibility (AOR), or to both. An EPW must be moved as quickly as possible from the CZ to the COMMZ where an I/R unit interns him.
NOTE: For a complete discussion on the operational framework of a CZ, see FM 3-0.

ENEMY PRISONER OF WAR
1-4. As defined in the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (GPW), 12 August 1949, an EPW is-
•
A member of an enemy armed force or a member of a militia or a volunteer corps forming part of an enemy armed force.

•
A member of a militia or a volunteer corps (including an organized resistance movement) that (1) belongs to an enemy power, (2) operates in or outside its own territory (even if the territory is occupied), and (3) fulfills the following conditions:

•
The organization is commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates.

•
The organization has a fixed, distinctive sign that is recognizable at a distance.

•
The members are carrying arms openly.

1-2 Introduction

00000A-000736

FM 3-19.40
. The organization is conducting operations according to the laws and customs of war.
•
A member of an enemy armed force who professes allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the detaining power (the US).

•
A person who accompanies an enemy armed force without actually being a member (a civilian member of a military aircraft crew, a war correspondent, a supply contractor, a member of a labor unit, or a member of a service that is responsible for enemy welfare) if he has authorization and an identification (ID) card from the armed force.

•
A crew member (a master, a pilot, or an apprentice of a merchant marine or a member of a civil aircraft under the enemy's power) who does not benefit from more favorable treatment under other provisions of international law.

•
Inhabitants of an unoccupied territory who spontaneously take up arms to resist invading US armed forces (without having time to form themselves into a regular armed unit) if they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war.

1-5. The following persons are treated as EPWs:
•
A person who qualifies for EPW status under paragraph 1-4 (if the US is a party to the conflict) and falls into the hands of the US as a neutral or nonbelligerent power.

•
A person belonging to or having belonged to an armed force of a country occupied by the US (if the US considers it necessary by reason of such allegiance to intern him) even though he may have been originally liberated from EPW status by the US while hostilities were going on outside the occupied territory. Particular application is made to a person who has made an unsuccessful attempt to join an armed force that is engaged in combat or who has failed to comply with a summons for internment.

1-6. Captured enemy personnel are presumed to be EPWs immediately upon capture if the circumstances are unmistakable (armed, uniformed enemy). If questions arise as to whether captured personnel belong in the EPW category, they receive the same treatment as EPWs until their status is determined by a competent military tribunal according to AR 190-8.
CIVILIAN INTERNEE
1-7. A CI is a person who is interned during armed conflict or occupation if he is considered a security risk or if he needs protection because he committed an offense (insurgent, criminal) against the detaining power. A CI is protected according to the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (GC), 12 August 1949.

RETAINED PERSON
1-8. An RP is an enemy who falls within one of the following categories:
• A person who is a member of the medical service of an enemy armed force.
Introduction 1-3
DODD0A-000737

FM 3-19.40
• A medical person exclusively engaged in-. Searching, collecting, transporting, or treating wounded or sick
personnel. . Preventing disease.
. Administering a medical unit or establishment.
•
A chaplain attached to an enemy armed force.

•
A member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) or another voluntary aid organization. The organization must be duly recognized and authorized by its government. The staff may be employed in the same duties as medical personnel if the organization is subject to military laws and regulations.

1-9. An RP is a special category for medical personnel and chaplains because of their special skills and training. They may be retained by the detaining power (see FM 27-10) to aid EPWs, preferably those of the armed force to which the RP belongs. Per the Geneva Conventions, RPs receive the same benefits and protection as EPWs. The following privileges and considerations are extended to RPs due to their professions:
•
Correspondence privileges that are over and above those afforded to EPWs.

•
Facilities to provide medical care, spiritual assistance, and welfare services to EPWs.

•
Transportation for periodic visits to EPW branch UR facilities and hospitals outside the EPW UR facility to carry out medical, spiritual, and welfare duties.

•
Work assignments that are restricted to medical and religious duties they are qualified to perform.

•
Quarters that are separate from EPW quarters when practicable.

NOTE: For a complete discussion on RPs, see AR 190-8.
OTHER DETAINEE
1-10. A person in the custody of US armed forces who has not been classified as an EPW (Article 4, GPVV), an RP (Article 33, GPW), or a CI (Article 78, GC) is treated as an EPW until a legal status is ascertained by competent authority.

DISLOCATED CIVILIAN
1-11. A DC is a civilian who left his home for various reasons. His movement and physical presence can hinder military operations. He most likely requires some degree of aid (medicine, food, shelter, or clothing). A DC may not be native to the area (local populace) or to the country where he resides. A DC is a generic term that is further subdivided into the following categories:
• DP. A DP has been dislocated because of war, a natural disaster, or political/economic turmoil. Consequently, the motivation for civilians to flee and their status under international and domestic laws vary, as does the degree of assistance required and the location for relief
1-4 Introduction
DODD0A-000738

FM 3-19.40
operations. Likewise, the political, geographical, environmental, and threat situations also vary.
• Refugee. The Geneva Convention Relative to the Status of Refugees (1951) states that a refugee is a person who "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country."
Evacuee. An evacuee is a civilian who is removed from his place of residence by military direction because of personal security or other requirements of the military situation.
Stateless person. A stateless person is a civilian who has been denationalized, whose country of origin cannot be determined, or who cannot establish his right to nationality claimed.
War victim. A war victim is a civilian who suffered an injury, a loss of
a family member, or damage to or destruction of his home because of
war.
Migrant. A migrant is a worker who moves from one region to
another by chance, instinct, or plan.
IDP. An IDP may have been forced to flee his home for the same
reasons as a refugee, but he has not crossed an internationally
recognized border.
Expellee. An expellee is a civilian who is outside the boundaries of his country of nationality or ethnic origin and is being forcibly repatriated to that country or a third country for political or other purposes.
UNITED STATES MILITARY PRISONER
1-12. A US military prisoner is sentenced by a court-martial to confinement or death and ordered into confinement by competent authority, whether or not the sentence has been approved by the convening authority. A person placed into confinement by competent authority pending trial by court-martial is a pretrial prisoner or a pretrial detainee.

OBJECTIVES
1-13. The objectives of I/R operations are to process, handle, care for, account for, and secure-
•
EPWs.

•
CIs.

•
RPs.

•
ODs

•
DCs.

•
US military prisoners.

1-14. The principles employed to achieve the objectives are according to the Hague Convention (1907), the Geneva Conventions (1949), the Geneva Convention Relative to the Status of Refugees (1951) and its protocol (1967), and current STANAGs. These principles include—
Introduction 1-5
DODD0A-000739

FM 3-19.40
•
Humane treatment and efficient care.

•
Prompt evacuation from the CZ.

•
Provisions for captive or detainee interrogation.

•
Procedures for evacuation, control, and administration of internees with other CS and combat service support (CSS) operations.

NOTE: The principles employed for US military prisoners are
outlined in AR 190-47 and Department of Defense (DOD) Directive
1325.4.
AGENCIES
1-15. The expanded MP functions of I/R involve certain international and domestic organizations not previously considered during MP operations. There are numerous private relief organizations, foreign and domestic, that are involved in humanitarian relief and I/R operations. Likewise, the media normally provides extensive coverage of UR operations. In many instances, the DOD will not be the lead agency in I/R operations, which adds to the complexity. For instance, the DOD could be tasked in a supporting role, with the Department of State (DOS) or another agency in the lead.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
1-16. Under the Geneva Conventions and subsequent protocols, a capturing power is responsible for proper and humane treatment of detainees from the moment of capture or other apprehension. The Secretary of the Army is the executive agent for DOD I/R operations and administration. He is responsible for plans, policy development, and operational coordination for persons captured and interned by US armed forces. Navy, Marine, and Air Force units that detain or capture persons turn them over to the Army at designated receiving points after initial classification and administrative processing.
1-17. Per DOD Directive 3025.1, the Secretary of the Army tasks DOD components to plan and commit DOD resources in response to requests for military support from civil authorities. The Director of Military Support (DOMS) provides leadership in this effort.
1-18. Examples of DOD decision makers are the Under Secretary of Defense (USD) for Policy and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (DASD) for Humanitarian and Refugee Affairs (H&RA). The USD for Policy develops and administers military policies and programs for international HA and foreign relief operations. The DASD for H&RA executes the policies and tasks the services accordingly.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE
1-19. The DOS is organized into functional and regional bureaus. It represents the US via embassies throughout the world.

FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
1-20. Per the Stafford Act, the federal government responds to disasters and emergencies to save lives and protect public health, safety, and property. The
1-6 Introduction
DODIDOA-000740

FM 3-19.40
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is responsible for the nation's emergency management system. Local and state programs are the heart of the nation's emergency management system, and most disasters are handled by local and state governments. When devastations are especially serious and exceed local and state capabilities and resources, states turn to the federal government for help.
1-21. When the President declares a major disaster, FEMA coordinates response activities for federal agencies that may participate. The agencies help states and localities recover from disasters by providing services, resources, and personnel. They transport food and potable water, provide medical aid, assist with temporary housing, and furnish generators for hospitals and other essential facilities. The FEMA also works with states and territories during nondisaster periods to plan for disasters, develop mitigation programs, and anticipate requirements.
1-22. The Federal Response Plan addresses the consequences of disasters and emergencies. It applies to natural disasters (earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions), technological emergencies (radiological and hazardous material HMI releases), and other incidents. The plan describes the basic mechanisms and structures to mobilize resources and conduct activities that augment state and local efforts. It uses a functional approach to group the types of federal assistance that a state is most likely to need under emergency support functions (ESFs). Each ESF is headed by a primary agency based on its authorities, resources, and capabilities in the functional area. The ESFs are the primary mechanisms through which federal assistance is provided. Federal assistance is provided to affected states under the overall coordination of a federal coordinating officer, who is appointed by the FEMA director on behalf of the President.
MISCELLANEOUS AGENCIES
1-23. Other federal agencies provide advice, assistance, and resources to plan, implement, and accomplish I/R operations. They are the-
•
Department of Transportation (DOT). Its technical capabilities and expertise in public transportation are available to assist in specific operations.

•
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). It has projects and activities ongoing in foreign countries and provides technical assistance and expertise.

•
United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

Although not directly under the control of DOS, USAID coordinates
activities at the department and country levels within the federal
government.
•
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). It provides prompt nonmilitary assistance to alleviate death and suffering of foreign disaster victims. The OFDA may request DOD assistance for I/R operations. The coordination and determination of forces required is normally accomplished through DOD and the joint task force (JTF).

•
United States Information Agency (USIA). The USIA helps achieve US objectives by influencing public attitudes overseas. It

Introduction 1-7
DODIDOA-000741

FM 3-19.40
advises the US government on the possible impacts of policies. programs. and official statements on foreign opinions. The USIA helps HA forces gain popular support and counters attempts to distort and frustrate US and JTF objectives.
•
Department of Justice (DOJ). The UR forces may contact the DOJ Community Relations Service for assistance in domestic HA operations. It provides on-site resolution assistance through a field staff of mediators and negotiators.

•
Public Health Service (PHS). It promotes protection and advancement of the nation's physical and mental health. The US forces work with the PHS during refugee operations in and near the US and its territories.

•
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). It provides information and services to the public while enforcing immigration control. The INS is essential for processing and settling migrants and refugees in the US and its territories.

CIVILIAN ORGANIZATIONS
1-24. Civilian organizations are responsible for a wide range of activities
encompassing HA; human rights; the protection of minorities, refugees, and
DPs; legal assistance; medical care; reconstruction; agriculture; education;
arts; science; and project funding. The commander must understand the
mandate, role, structure method, and principles of civilian organizations.
Without this understanding. it is impossible to establish an effective
relationship with them.
1-25. These organizations may already be in the area of operations (AO), providing HA or some type of relief when 1/R operations are planned and implemented. The principle coordinating federal agency is the USAID, and civilian organizations are required to register with the USAID to operate under US auspices.
Types of Civilian Organizations
1-26. There are three principle types of civilian organizations:
•
International organization (10). An IO is established by intergovernmental agreements and operates at the international level. Examples of IOs include the-

•
United Nations (UN).

•
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

•
United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

•
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA).

•
World Food Program (WFP).

•
International Medical Corps (IMC).

•
Nongovernmental organization (NGO). An NGO is a voluntary organization that is not funded by a government. It is primarily a nonprofit organization that is independent of a government, an 10, or

1 -8 Introduction
DODD0A-000742

FM 3-19.40
a commercial interest. It is legally different than an 10 because it writes its own charter and mission. The NGOs are increasingly numerous and sophisticated, and they can number in the hundreds in any conflict. They remain strongly independent from political control to preserve their independence and effectiveness. In many cases, their impartiality has been of great benefit, forming the only available means of rebuilding relations when political dialog has broken down. They are often highly professional in their field and extremely well motivated and prepared to take physical risks in appalling conditions. Examples of NGOs include the-. Save the Children Foundation (SCF).
. Medecin Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) (MSF). . Catholic Relief Services (CRS).
.
National Council of Catholic Bishops (NCCB). An NGO is mandated or nonmandated:

.
Mandated. A mandated NGO has been officially recognized by the lead I0 in a crisis and has been authorized to work in the affected area.

.
Nonmandated. A nonmandated NGO has no official recognition or authorization and, therefore, works as a private concern. A nonmandated NGO can be subcontracted by an I0 or a mandated NGO. It can also obtain funds from private enterprises or donors.

International humanitarian organization (IHO). An IHO is an
impartial, neutral, and independent organization whose mandate is to
assist and protect victims of conflict. It carefully guards its neutrality
and does not desire to be associated with or dependent upon the
military for fear of losing its special status in the international
community that allows it to fulfill its mandate. Examples of IHOs
include the-
. International Organization for Migration (IOM).
.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

.
IFRC.

Civilian Lead Agencies
1-27. A lead agency is mandated by the international community to initiate the cooperation of civilian organizations that volunteer to participate in an operation. The lead agency is normally a major UN agency, such as the UNHCR or the UNOCHA, and it-
•
Acts as the point of contact (POC) for other agencies.

•
Coordinates field activities to avoid duplicating effort and wasting resources.

Understanding Civilian Organizations
1-28. A good working relationship can be established with NGOs, I0s, and
IHOs through trust and understanding. The most effective way for military
forces to understand an organization's knowledge, skills, and abilities is to
Introduction 1-9
DODD0A-000743

FM 3-19.40
establish and maintain a liaison with it. This understanding can also be gained through educating military leaders in military schools and courses.
UNITED NATIONS
1-29. The UN is involved in the entire spectrum of HA operations from prevention to relief. Typically, UN relief agencies establish independent networks to execute their humanitarian-relief operations. The UN system delegates as much as possible to agency elements located in the field, with supervisory and support networks traced from field officers back to UN headquarters. Military planners must be familiar with UN objectives to ensure compatibility with military plans and orders. The UN agencies include the United Nations Disaster Relieve Coordinator (UNDRC) and the UNHCR:
UNDRC. It coordinates assistance to persons compelled to leave their homes because of disasters.
UNCHR. It-
. Provides international protection to refugees. It promotes the adoption of international standards for the treatment of refugees and supervises implementation of the standards.
.
Seeks permanent solutions for refugee problems. It facilitates voluntary repatriation and reintegration of refugees into their country of origin. Where practical, it facilitates their integration into a country of asylum or a third country.

.
Provides other activities that include emergency relief counseling, education, and legal assistance. These activities entail a very active role in monitoring human rights.

.
Helps governments meet their obligations concerning refugees under various international statues.

INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT MOVEMENTS
1-30. Three organizations make up the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. They are the-
•
IFRC. It provides relief operations to help victims of natural and man­made disasters. It has a unique network of national societies throughout the world. The IFRC is the umbrella organization for the ICRC.

•
ICRC. It acts as a monitoring agent for the proper treatment of EPWs and other detained persons. It coordinates National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies' international relief operations for victims of conflict. The ICRC reports violations of international humanitarian laws and promotes awareness and development of humanitarian laws among nations.

•
National Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations.

NOTES:
1. These organizations are distinctly different and have separate mandates and staff organizations. Do not consider them to be one organization.
1-10 Introduction
DODD0A-000744

FM 3-19.40
2. Red Crescent organizations are found in predominately Muslim countries. They have the same goals and missions as Red Cross organizations.
1-31. Although the ICRC is essentially Swiss, it has worldwide operations and acts as a neutral intermediary in armed conflicts. The ICRC ensures that conflict victims receive appropriate protection and assistance within the scope of the Geneva Conventions, their protocols, and the ICRC mandate. The ICRC undertakes protection and assistance activities for the benefit of detainees and civilian populations by-
•
Visiting detainees and attempting, through confidential contacts, to ensure compliance with the Geneva Conventions.

•
Supervising prisoner releases and exchanges.

•
Providing emergency relief to civilians who are affected by an armed conflict or a natural disaster.

•
Tracing individuals who are displaced because of an armed conflict or a natural disaster

.
• Organizing family contacts and reunions.

PROTECTION OF CAPTIVES AND DETAINEES
1-32. The provisions of the Geneva Conventions are applicable to captives and detainees from the time they are captured until they are released or repatriated. AR 190-8 is the implementing regulation. When a person is captured during the heat of battle, he is entitled to protection as a detainee.
1-33. Detainees receive humane treatment without distinction of race, nationality, religious belief, political opinion, or similar criteria. Captives and detainees are not murdered, mutilated, tortured, or degraded. They are not punished for alleged criminal acts without previous judgment pronounced by a legally constituted court that has accorded them judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable to a fair trial. Individuals and capturing nations are responsible for acts committed against detainees if the acts violate the Geneva Conventions.
1-34. Captives and detainees are entitled to respect, and they are treated
with honor and as human beings. They are protected against violence, insults,
public curiosity, and reprisals. They are not subjected to physical mutilation or
medical or scientific experimentation that is not required for normal medical,
dental, or hospital treatment. Coercion is not inflicted on captives and
detainees to obtain information. Those who refuse to answer are not
threatened, insulted, or exposed to unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment.
Female captives and detainees are treated with respect and accorded fair and
equal treatment.
PROTECTING POWER
1-35. A neutral state or a humanitarian organization, such as the ICRC, is
designated as a protecting power. The protecting power monitors whether
detainees are receiving humane treatment as required by international law.
Representatives or delegates of a protecting power are authorized to visit
detainees where they are interned or confined and to interview them
Introduction 1-11

DODD0A-000745

FM 3-19.40
regarding their internment, welfare, and rights. The interview may be conducted without witnesses. Such visits cannot be prohibited except for imperative military necessity.

UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARDS DETAINEES
1-36. Basic US policy underlying the treatment of detainees and other captured or interned personnel during the course of a conflict requires and directs that all personnel be accorded humanitarian care and treatment from the moment of custody until their final release or repatriation. The US personnel are fully and equally bound to observe this policy whether capturing troops, custodial personnel, or anyone else, regardless of the capacity they may be serving. This policy is equally applicable for protecting detained and interned personnel whether they are known to have committed or are suspected of committing a serious offense that could be characterized as a war crime. The punishment of such persons is administered by the due process of law and under legally constituted authority. Inhumane treatment, even if committed under stress of combat and with deep provocation, is a serious and punishable violation under national law, international law, and the UCMJ.

PROTECTION OF ENEMY PRISONERS OF WAR AND CIVILIAN INTERNEES
1-37. The Geneva Conventions, comprised of four treaties, form part of the supreme law of the land and provide the internationally recognized humanitarian standards for the treatment of war victims. The US ratified the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims, 12 August 1999. It recognizes the spirit and intent of these treaties in its treatment of EPWs, Cls, and detained and interned persons. The Geneva Conventions became effective in 1956, and the US observes and enforces the terms of these conventions. They are collectively referred to as the Geneva Conventions and include the-
• GPW. This convention provides humane treatment of EPWs. It
regulates the treatment of internees (care, food, clothing, and
housing), discipline and punishment, labor and pay, external relations,
representation. the international exchange of information, and the
termination of captivity.
• GC. This convention deals with the protection for populations against
the consequences of war, the status and treatment of protected
persons, and the treatment of CIs.
• Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of
the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August
1949 (GWS). This convention provides protection for members of the
armed forces and other persons on the battlefield who are wounded or
sick. Members in the conflict search for and collect wounded and sick
persons, protect them against pillage and ill treatment, and ensure
their adequate care. They also search for dead persons and prevent
them from being despoiled.
• Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of
Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at

1-12 Introduction

DODD0A-000746

FM 3-19.40
Sea, 12 August 1949 (GWS (SEM). This convention provides
humane treatment and protection for members of the armed forces
and other persons at sea who are wounded, sick, or shipwrecked. It
also protects hospital ships and burial at sea.
1-38. STANAG 2044 prescribes concepts and procedures for the control and administration of EPWs by US armed forces operating in Europe under operational control (OPCON) of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in coordination with one or more NATO allies. and supported by the doctrine contained in this manual. STANAG 2044 provides-
•
Terms and definitions relating to EPWs.

•
Procedures for using EPW personnel record forms.

•
Procedures for handling EPWs, their personal property, and their money.

PROTECTION OF REFUGEES
1-39. The Geneva Convention Relative to the Status of Refugees (1951) and its protocols (1967) provide a general, universally applicable definition of refugee. They address the minimum standards for the treatment of refugees. specifying the obligations of the host nation (HN) and the refugees to one another. Among the important provisions of the 1951 Convention is the principle of nonrefoulement (Article 33). The principle of nonrefoulement is often referred to as the cornerstone of international protection. This principle prohibits the return or expulsion of a refugee to the territory of a state where his life, freedom, or personal security would be in jeopardy. Through widespread practice, the principle is considered to be a rule of customary law, binding nations whether or not they are signatories.
1-40. The 1951 Convention also provides protection of refugees. A refugee has
the right to safe asylum; however, international protection comprises more
than physical safety. Refugees receive the same rights and help as any other
foreigner who is a legal resident, including certain fundamental entitlements
of every individual. Refugees have basic civil rights, including freedom of
thought and movement and freedom from torture and degrading treatment.
Similarly, refugees have economic and social rights. Every adult refugee has
the right to work, and no child refugee is deprived of schooling. In certain
circumstances, such as large-scale inflows of refugees, asylum states may feel
obliged to restrict certain rights, such as freedoms of movement, work, and
education. Such gaps should be filled by the international community when
possible. When resources are unavailable from the government of the asylum
country or other agencies, the UNHCR will assist.
NOTE: For further details, see the UNHCR Handbook for the Military on Humanitarian Operations, First Edition, 1995.
Introduction 1-13

DODD0A-000747

Chapter 2
Commander and Staff Responsibilities
All MP commanders and staff members must be familiar with applicable ARs, Army directives, and international laws necessary for the successful operation of I/R and confinement facilities. This chapter discusses areas of greatest concern when performing the I/R function.
SECTION 1 COMMANDERS
-
2-1. An MP battalion commander tasked with operating an I/R facility is also the facility commander. As such, he is responsible for the safety and well-being of all personnel housed within the facility. Since an MP unit may be tasked to handle different categories of personnel (EPW, CI, OD, refugee, and US military prisoner), the commander, the cadre, and support personnel must be aware of the requirements for each category.

PROCEDURES
2-2. Commanders are familiar with applicable regulations, directives, international laws, and administrative procedures. The servicing staff judge advocate (SJA) provides legal advice and training on I/R matters. Regulations and other guidance relative to the administration, employment, and compensation of internees are prescribed in-
•
AR 190-8.

•
Defense Finance and Accounting Service—Indianapolis (DFAS-IN) 37-1.

•
FM 14-100.

•
DA Pamphlet (Pam) 37-100-95.

•
FM 27-10.

2-3. Copies of the Geneva Conventions and compound regulations, orders, and notices relating to internee conduct and activities are posted in each facility, in the language of internees who are housed there. If internees do not have access to posted copies, the facility commander makes copies available to them.
2-4. The commander is responsible for the administrative processing of each internee. When processing is complete, he submits a DA Form 2674-R to the servicing internment/resettlement information center (IRIC), which functions as the field operations agency for the national IRIC located in CONUS.
Commander and Staff Responsibilities 2-1
DODD0A-000748

FM 3-19.40

PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES
2-5. The following principles apply to UR facilities:
•
Use housed personnel for internal maintenance and operation.

•
Use captured supplies and equipment (excluding weapons and ammunition).

•
Maintain control.

2-6. An EPW/CI has the right to-
•
Submit requests and complaints regarding the conditions of confinement.

•
Elect representatives .

•
Send and receive correspondence.

NOTE: The rights of US military prisoners are outlined in AR 190-47 and DOD Directive 1325.4.
STANDING ORDERS
2-7. Standing orders provide uniform, orderly administration of an I/R
facility. The orders to be obeyed by housed personnel are published in their
language and posted where they can read the orders and refer to them.
Standing orders include rules, procedures, and instructions (see Figure 2-1)
governing the following activities and other matters as deemed appropriate:
• Schedule of calls, including-. Reveille.
•
Morning roll.

•
Readiness of quarters for inspection. . Sick.

•
Mess.

•
Evening roll.
Lights out.

Housed personnel actions that support the emergency action plans of the internment facility, such as-. Fire drills.
•
Air raid drills.

•
Emergency evacuations.

•
Natural disaster drills.

•
Blackouts.
. Escapes.

•
Hours for religious services, recreation activities, and so forth.

•
Procedures for emergency sick call.

•
Designated smoking areas.

2-2 Commander and Staff Responsibilities

00000A-000749

FM 3-19.40
1.
You must comply with rules, regulations, and orders. They are necessary for safety, good order, and
discipline.

2.
You must immediately obey all orders of US personnel. Deliberate disobedience, resistance, or conduct of a mutinous or riotous nature will be dealt with by force.

3.
You are subject to disciplinary or judicial punishment if you disobey a rule, a regulation, or an order or if you commit any act, conduct, disorder, or neglect that is prejudicial to good order or discipline.

4.
You will not receive disciplinary or judicial punishment until you have an opportunity to explain your conduct and to defend yourself. If you commit an offense for which judicial punishment may arise, investigation of the offense will be coordinated with the SJA before being undertaken to ensure that it is conducted according to the Geneva Conventions. You may call witnesses, and if necessary, you will be provided with the services of a qualified interpreter.

5.
You may receive disciplinary punishment that includes discontinuing privileges over and above the treatment provided for by the Geneva Conventions. You may receive a fine up to one half of your 30-day advance and working pay. Privates may be assigned fatigue (extra) duty up to 2 hours daily, noncommissioned officers (NCOs) may be required to perform supervisory duties only, and officers may not be compelled to work.

6.
You may not establish courts or administer punishment over other captives.

7.
You may not have knives, sticks, metal pieces, or other articles that can be used as weapons in your
possession at any time.

8.
You may not drill or march in military formation for any purpose except as authorized and directed by the
facility commander.

9.
You may not meet or issue propaganda for political purposes.

10.
You may not wear or display national political items.

11.
You may not gamble.

12.
You may not possess or consume alcoholic beverages.

13.
You may retain personal effects and property that are authorized by the facility commander.

14.
You may smoke at times and places specified by the facility commander.

15.
You will follow the required courtesies toward your army's officers. If you are an enlisted captive, you will salute all US commissioned officers. If you are an officer captive, you will salute US commissioned officers of a higher grade and the facility commander, regardless of his grade.

Figure 2-1. Sample Standing Orders

NOTICE OF PROTECTION
2-8. To protect persons from acts of violence, bodily injury, and threats of reprisals at the hand of fellow internees, post a notice of protection (Figure 2-2) in the internees' language in every compound.
NOTICE
A detainee who fears that his life is in danger, or fears that he may suffer physical injury at the hands of another detainee, should immediately report to a US member of the facility without consulting his representative. The facility commander ensures adequate protection for the victim by segregation, transfer, or other means. A detainee who mistreats a fellow detainee will be punished.
(Signed by the Commanding Officer)
Figure 2-2. Sample Notice of Protection
Commander and Staff Responsibilities 2-3
DODD0A-000750