<p>This manual describes in detail interrogation techniques such as rapport-building, fear-up and fear-down, pride and ego, and file and dossier.</p>
. 703 6937278 ·P.07 '"'me 'permit1ing, eaclt .interrogator should: un:• Combai effecti~eneS5, dSivety observetbe source to personally confirm.his . • Logislic;. identity and to check his personal appearance and behavior. . .• . • Electronic I~hnical.data.: .A.[tt~tthe in-lerrcg~torhas coiIect~ au infonnatidn ... .• MiStellaneQ\IS, . available about his assigned so~rCe. he'anal~ it. ·He . Asil result of the pl~ruiingnnd pr~p3Tation phase, .the .Jooks fot' iluJicatol8of psychological or physkal'weakinterrogator develops a plail forconluctiIig his assigned . ness thl,it mightmaJ(e the source $'\lSceptible toone or .' interrogation. He .mUstreview this plan with' the senior . J:nore. approac!les,. ",hichfaciUtates .h~ approach inlerrogatoi."~ when PQSsible. Wherber '\VrlUenor oral, str3tegy..He also·uses theinfonnation he collected [0 the interrogation pJanmus('C(lDtamatieaSt'ibe foUO\J/..o jdclltify ihe type and leVel.of knowte4ge posse.ssedby jng items: . . . . tbe source pertinent to ~he element'scolleaion mission. • Interrogation Objective. TheiJitel1ogator uSes his estimate ofthe type and eX--. tem: of knowledge possessed :bythe source to·modiCythe . • EPWs or detainee's' 14eniiry. l~ include visuai ob~ 'basic topical seq'Uellce of questioniitg.Jle selects only. servaiioD of the'EPW or cletaiIieeby the interthose. topics inY'hith be. bclievesthe. source has. perrogator.. tinent :knowledge. . In' this way, the interrogator r!!fines • lo·terrogatioD.Wne and place. . his deme~t'stveraU objective into a set ·of specific in~ l~rrogationsubjecls, . .'. • Primary and alternate approaches; . . . . Th~ major topics' that can be cOvered in an interroga• Questioning t~hniqueS to be used Of why the .intion ate shown below in thetr normal seqv,ence. Howterrogll.tor selected only specific lQPics from. the ever, the inretrogatorisfr~to mOdify "this sC'Juenc..e as basic qUe$tioning sequence.' .' . TJecesSary. • Means ~frecording and reporting inforrn~tlon ob.• Missions. tained. . ;:ompositi(jn~ The senior intenogau)( rmews each_ plan and maJces any cba~ges' he .. ieelsneGesSl1ry .-based· pn the • Weapons, equipment, strt~ngttJ~ comrnarider'sPIR and. IR-After the phinis approved, • Di:Spositlons. the holding cOmpound .is· notified when to . briDg~lhe source to lheinterrogation site. . The interrogator. .cOl .• Tactics. lects aU available interrogation aids needed' (maps, . ".• Training. chartswriting tools,and refer-enre. .materialS) an~ r Pr()Cee.d.S to the interwgation site. . APPROACH PHASE . Theapproacli phase .begiuS wlthiirltiar contact. be.• BeginS t~ use an approach technique~ tween tbe ~PWor detablee and interrogator. ·Extreme The 'amount of iime spent on this phase will mOstly .' care is reqiJired since the SllcceSs or the interrogation depend' on [he.probabl·e quantity and value of lnforma-. hinges, to a,arge degree, ontbe.~tlY develop~ent of . tion tht; EPW or .detainee .Possesse$,lhea~ilability of . .(,he.. EPW'so(. detainee's wi1lin~e,ss to communi~te. '. other EPW or delailleeW}th ,knowledge' on tbe same . The interrogator's' objectiv~'dunngtbiS pbsels t6 es· topicS. a~d availabletiIIle. . At (he initi.al .contilcl,· a . lablish ~Pw.otdeminee rapport, and to gain his willing . businesslike relatio~hip should be maintained. ":As the .cooperarioDSo be\vilJ correCtly ansVoi'er pertinent ques EPWordetainee . assl.lmesa·cooperative altitude,·.a tions to follow..' The intefr~g~lOt~ more relaXed atmosphere maybe advantageous•.'The in-. '.' Adopt5lin a.ppropriate anitude based on EPWor· . terrogatormust carefully delerininewhich o(the' d¢lamee appraisal. .. 'Various app10acb t~jquesto employ. • T • • . . . • Prepares (or anatlitudechange, tfIiecessal)'.· . Regardless of th~ typ~'of EPWor detaineea~ti"his' . ·outWard perSonaliLy,'be d.oespossess weakneiseswhiCb, .f [ "': . ··1 set.· but eoD " .. • ..•. i1 ~en.. '. tura: term' .; , :~ ,\, '. '~J" if· reco~d by the int¢ITO$8IOr. can be eXploited. .. These weaknesses .are manifesledin p~rsonality (raits sJich as speech, lJlannerisins, faCial expre$SiDilS;' physical ,~,;: : ';novem~nts, excesSive perspiratjD~ and otber overt in· ...il~':' :.'djcatjons thatvaryJrom EPW or detainee. . :. . " , :', From apsycholDgical .standpoint,the inrenogatDr '~~:, Dtust be cognizant of the follDWing bebaYiors.. People '"ietld to-:. . . :.,_ Talk, espeCially after ha~o.winiexperiences. • Sbow. defere~ce when confrorned by superior au~bDrity. . .~,~tio.naIiZe actS abo~twhich they feel guilty. Fail.te apply.or rememberlessDnS tbeymay have been taught regarding security if ronfrentt!d with a ~sorganized Dt strange situa~ion: r.nr.nt';I'SItp.with those Wbo. bave aJD[~ol over rhem. '!",,,.;uu.,-nlessimpottance t() " a topicabou~ wbich the ·.t:i?l1p.T-rru""tt"r demonstrates jdentical .or relaHid ex~ iiX::oe,nce or lcnowleagc. flattery and 'exonetation from guilt, having someone .'DrSOlnetlrlng:they.respect especiaUyby someonelhey dislike. . ", '. . \.' . . to kindness and understanding during clrcumstanCl$.· . . donol "run" an appreachby followmg a routine, Each interrogation is different, ;:enC)jta1;ic'm approaches have the folJowingjn' ~nd maintain eonuolOVetlhe source and and maimidl.'l rapport between 't,he inter"7 . SOUICe. the SQurce's emotions and We.lIknesses Wi.Ili.r!.goooperation. Im~tii11 application. of appro.ach techniques ~lIQn.lIlces the.. sourCe. 10. WillingJy provide ae-. J.P}!~~D.ce inform~tion to the ~te(rOgalor. The refers to the source'S'. answering the interrogator's questiQns,"no1'neteSsarlly hiS coopera·tiOD. .. . The sour~mayot may not be. aware he is. prOviding 'the ullerrogatoi'Ylith inforination abOut. enemy. fo~~..' Someapproacbes maybe conipl~te when the scmrce' . begins to aiiswer questions. Others may have 10 be. c;o~.. , stantly ro1dntaine4 or reinforced througho~t.the inter~ ." rogation.. . . The techniquesusei in an .appro;lch can·beS(.be " defined as a senesef ev~xil8lnotjust verbCilconversa:.. ,.' lion betWeen. the interrogator aJidihe source.: The~..,. ploitation of tbe source's.emo.tion . can: be .harsh or gentle in applicatiDn..Some. Useful techniques used by .: ~ I. '. .' . . . inTerrogators are-'. '. . • Hand and bOdy rilovem.ents. " .... , • ActUal pJ:tysical contact $uch as it shclUlderfor reasSurance. . .• Silence. RAPPORT POSTU~ES" . '. There'are twO .~ofl1lppOnpDsttues determined .' d~ring planning', and preparation:. stem. and.sym. . pathetic.. . In Ihestetn posture, the iilierrogatorkeeps Ille.EPW. or detainee atatreOl;on. The aIm is to make. the'i~PW' or 'detainee .lceeJilY awareo( his l1:e1PJess and: inteno; .'. status; InreiJ:ogators 'use this pOsture' With officers, ..., NCOs; and security-cOnscie~ e,ntiStfxf,~en.. ' Intbe SylDpathetic posture, th~iIlt~rrQga[or addr~es '. .tl\e EPWor· de.iaineelli amendly fashio14: strivipg to . 'puthlm 81 ease. 'm posture iSromm6nlyused.iJiin~ . terro.gatingolder or you!1ger~Ws. EPWs maY'be . hightened and confused~ .. One.Yatiation of this posture iswh(lnthe°interrogatot as)tsabout the EPWs faDlily~' Fev.rEPWswillbesitate todis(;QSs their family~ . . Frightened personS, regaTdless ofrankJ~Uinvariably' . ta~in order to relieve t~nsjononc::e.they. hear a sy1n~. . patbetic voice in tbeir own ~npe.'1'0 put theEPW at ease, l1lcinterrogatotrmiy alloWlheEPW"td sitd~. offer a Cjgare~, aSk whetli~r or not 'he neem meJical' ,. car~;.andolherwiSe sbo\\' ~telest in his case.'. . .... TherQ .ate many varlal'Ons· of tbesebasic.pOstures;··. Regardless o.f theone~).tb~interToga~Dil1iU$t • . present amiiftaryappeaiailco '~nd show tb~r.actei' ~nd . energy. The interro.gatcirsill1st cOD.lrolllis temperat.~n tiines,exeepr when a.-dispiayisp1Il.nned.. neinter" ,. . ' . . ',': " FM 34-52 .........ator Brust nOt waste lime in p9intless discussionsot .' epromisesbe 0ln1101 keep; for example, the lDlerrogsl()rsgrantingpoUtiCllllS)'luIn. . . .'Wben making ptoniises in an effbnto establish rap.PPft"great care must be taken to prevent iI(\plying tbat rlghtsguaraIi.teedtbe E.PW under international and us jaw will be Withheld ifthe EP:W .refuses to cooperate. 'Uliderno circumstances .~llhe interrogator betray surpriSe atanyrhingthe EPWIiligbt say. M&ny EPWswill talkiteely if they feel the iIifonnation theY are dis-. cuSsing' isal.ready known to the interrogator. Ifthe interrogator acts· surprised. tbe EPW may 'stop talking iminediately.· . . The interrogator encourages allY behavior' that deepens rappon aDd increases me now of communica-. .tion.At [he same time, the interrogator mustdis~ coutageany behavionbat bas the opposile effecL Theinlerrogalor tD\:JSJ aJways beirtcomrol of tlie in:. tetrogation. .]~the :gpW or detainee challenges this ~ntrol. the.inteu()gator mustacl quickly and firmly. ~erything.lheintettogatoT.~ays and does 'must be Within ·the limbs ofthe GPW, Ai"liclet7. DEVELOPING AAPPOAT· ~p{OriniUS~:be'majntatn~ throughout the. ilil~THioD, nor only in the approach phase.: lfthe inter.Jogiltorh~established good r'appcininitiatlyari~then abandons the. effort, t}lesource WOUld. pghtfullyassume tbe interrogator cares less and less.abOl1[rum as the in'" '. formation is ieingobtained. If this Occurs, rapport is lost and the source may tease. answeringqu~tions. Rappon ~aybedeyelopedl?~ . • Asking about the circumstan~ of capture. .·By doIng thiS. the interrogator can gam insight into the prison~rs actual state ot mind and, inore iro-. "portantlyj he can ascertain his pOssible breaking points~" . . . . .' . -, 'AskingbacICground questions. After askiilg'about tbe50~rce's drcutnstances.of capture, apparent int~restc;:lnbe buill by asldJ'g about thesourte's .'. faritily~ civilian.life, frien(iS, likes, and dislikeS. This is to c1eV~lop'rappOt~,but'llonpertlnent queStions' inayopen'new~venues forme approach and. help del~rmine whether ten(ativt approacbes chOsen in . t~e .plaimmg and prepilnLtion pbliSelViUbe. ~ffep.. ti'l:'e. Jfthese questions sbQW. that tbetentatiV'e ap-. proaches: chosen will not be .e~ive. afl~xfble . interrogator can shift llle approach direction without the SQU~being aware of~he change. . .. . Dep.endlng on, the situation. and requests the source mayhaye made,' the interrogator also can Use (he following 10 develQP rapporL . • Offer realistic incentlve,s, sllch as--. I, ,. '-Immediate CQmfon (Iems (coffee. cigarettes) .. -Short-tenn(a meal, shoWer, send a Jetter borne); ~Long-term (rep~triati6n, p01itiCal~lu·m).. . .' .• Feign eXperience sitn.il~to those brthe 6~urCe.. • . Sbowconcem fOr'lhesouroo.· ihrougb • the1i~e of·· voice vitality and body langUage. • Help the sour~to rationali~ his guilt. , . • Showklnilness' and unders~ndiilg .toward the' . " '. sowce's predicame:nt. .~ Exonenne.the source from guilt. . .• Aaner the source. After having established control ~nd rapp()fl, the ~ terrogalOr continually asSess~ the ,source t9g~ if 1 approaches--and later the queStioning .. I ·chosen' in the plan~g and· preparation.phaseWill a .. a· deed work.: .. . . C Apvroa~hes chosen in planning ~ndprepatatiort'a . .1 tentative and based.on [~esoroetiUl~'Sqlnty in'f0.1[JDll~ tion available froni dOCuIIlentSj~atdsj ...ildp~rSOnal .....v ..__..:. servstion.This .may .leadth~ interrogator: ·to . apPf(laches which may be tOtany incorrect.for ob1:ailliinJ! .... . this sOllrce's willing cooperation. Thus, careful . ·'n .. . T·· · ment ofthe so~rce is critiQll to ~void 'WaSting~'aJoabll';: · tillie in the approach phase. . '.nt·· . Thcquestions . Can be 'mixed or sep.3rate. 'If. .for ~." ample,,l:he inter.-oga(or luiS. tentatively cbosena: ~Jove ·comrades" approach, he sbouldaSkthe souice . • like ~How di,d you get along with your fellow ,members?-If the sO'Qrce'answers they were aU ~. .·.~ose.and worked well' as· a team, the .u'ltel[1'()£8I[Or· -. use th~ approach a,nd be reasonabty sur~of.nssu(:.ct:!i;g.:.l( iii! . .jet:. HO'o11eVet, .if tbe60Urce answeis, "They all 'bated~ Int' . guts and 1 couldn't stand any of ~hemiiI' the: .'. . : 'the ... shouldab!Uldon that approacband ask sOlDe qUick. , int ':pertin~n( questions' (0 give himself time to work ..... ; th(~:' " ',' newa'pPffiacb~ . ;:;'1,..:. .. . Smooth Transitions interrogator must guide· the convemttion· li:;jgmo'oUlIY andlogtCallY; especially. ifheD~S to move .approach iechriiquei() anotber."Pokingand in the approach may alen lheprisoner to ploys will make tbejob J1lore difficult . . . . Ue-ins to anotbeiappro~c:h can be made logically 'smoothlY.by using ti-anSitionat phrases. Logicahiecan be made by including simple sentences which ,the ,preViously used appwa(:h with the baSis foi next one-.. .1ransltionseanalso be smo()lhly c:Overedby leaving unsuccessful approach and. going back to nonperquestions. By uSing nonpertinent.a:inverslition, the inI~rrogat9r Call.move. t}leconversation, in the S:de:slf4:!(J· direction artd, as previously stated, sometimes '''''.l:' ". __.-obtain leads and hinlSaboulthe source's stre.sses or ,Weaknesses or. other ~pprqacli $tr~legies thalmay be· . mote·succeSsful. . SJncere. and Convincing . Ifan.i-lJterrogator is using argument and reaSon loget ;tbe sou~to ·~perate, he must .be. conVincing and ap~ : "pear Sincere. All inferences ofpromises, sitUlitions; and· . .!arguIJ1ents~ .or other m.vented materiatmusLbe believ. :\,iable..What.a sour~uittybimay nofbelieve depends on the interrogators knowli;!4ge,t:x:peiience, andiraining. Agood'source assessmellt is ih6 basis. tot tbeapprciach ·llndvilal to the~u~oJtheintetrogation effort . Recognlte the· Breaking Point , . ..,'. . . .' Ev~1)'.'source•has . it breaJcjng. point, ,but an interrogator neverkOows Yihat it. is ·untillt has been reached. There are, bOwever, some. goodiIidicatoIS tbesource is near.llis breakillgpoint orhasaheadyreached iI.For ·example,ifduring the approacb, the source le,ans forward with his '(acl,d expression indica ling an interest in Iheproposidotis more .hesitant in hi/iargumentJheJS l. i probably n~ring .th(: brea1ting point. 'n!e mterfogator ~ must be Illert, to recogru~ these signs; .. I .Once the mterrogator determineS tbe Source is break t. ) .~ . iilg. ~e·should interjc;:Ct a· q~eslion pertlneri{lO. theob~ , . . jeetive of· tDeinterrogatic;m.. Ifthesoureeartsv,.ersil,.tb~· ·uUerfogat6r ~nmoVe hito tbequestloniDg phase.. It , ... ,the source does. nol answerorba,lks 3:1 answering iti tbe ... ·jIlterrogator must realize the source 'was not asc)os¢.t6 the breaking point as thought In thiS case, (be interrogator . mUst con~inue with hiS approach,orswit~h tQ' ··an a]te~ate approach or questiOning. t~njqueand ~... ., rv.... O~..JJc:.rD r. ~v . ,'j . . .... . fM34-52· cOntinue to work until he feels tbespuree is near break-. ing. ... . . The interrogator can teU· if (be . source . has. broken only by interjecting pertinent questions. Th,ispr~s must be followedunlil the ~Wor detainee begins to . a~er pemnent questions. I[ is possible the EPWor detainee may cOoperate for a.while and lhen balk· at . answ~rlng· furiher quciltioils. It this occurs, theinteT-··· roga(o,r. can .reinforc:ellle . approaches .thatinitiaUy gaiJled lbe ,source's cooperation or ~OVeinto a differenl . approach before retummgto the, qUeStiohing pluise. .', .... At this point, it isimponailt to Dore tbea~ount of ., " " " time spent with a panici1lar source: depends OD seYeral ... . factors: . . .. . .• The baulefield siroatjon. . . . " ,. . •. Expedienqw~c;h the supponedcomman~e(sp':iR sneUR ~equirements need to be answered. ... . • Source's willingness to .talk. . . Themikberof approa'Cbes used is limitedonly by tbe interrogators skill. Alrnf)~t any ruse 'or deception, is··· . Usable as long as theprovisjoJls ollhe GPW, as oUtliDt;:Q·· in Figure 14~are :ilotvioiated~. -. An interrogator· must not pass . himself off .~.. ;J mediL\.· chaplilin, or as a member ofthe Red CrOss (RedCi'eS cent or Red Lion). ,To every approach leihniq·ue~ there are literally. htindr~ of possible vari~tjons, each of wliicheaD be developed for·. a . specific situation or . source. . The variations are limiwd,onlY· by· the: .·interrogators. peisoria~ty,experjence, jngenuiiy~ ,and. · imagination.· . APPROACH COMBINATIONS With the exception, of [h~ direct approach;-Jlo~ther approach is effective by itself. InterrogalOrs use' dir..:. ~eren[apPrQad1 techniqu~or wmpine'[bem into a cpl}esiVe, logical. techilique. . Smooth. trimsitioDS,· sin~rity. logic, and conVicr,ion ahnost al~YS mate a , straiegy work. The lackofwiU undoubtedly dOoms it tc; failure. Someexampl~ofcolIlbInations at~ . • Direet...;...futility-incentive. . •. ,Direct-futility-Iove ofcomrades. • Djr~t-4ear-up(mild}-inren[ive. . The number of combinations are Unl~mited.Intei-... · rogati:irs m\lStcarefullycboose [h~ approach suategy fu .',: ~ . · lhe pJanningand preparation phase and listenc:areMly ·3-13 .( DOD.' GENERAL COUNSEL 703 6937278 '. fM*52' hat the so~rceis saying' (vetballyor nonv~rbRtly)'fot . ~l;.Clds the lmaregy chosen Will JiOlwor.k. When thisoccurs~. the. interrogator must atiapt to .approaches be belleves.Will work lit gaining the sourc;e'scooper.ation, . .' . tneapp;6ad~'teduliqueS 'arenotncw' nor Rrealllhe . possible. or·aeceptabJetechniques diScUssed below. . Eve.rytbingthe intellPgator sayS and does rriustbe In .CJjoc;ert.Wjlb the GWS,GPW; OC,and UCMJ; Thea~ prqacbes which have proveneffectivear~ . • DirecL .• Incentive. . • Emotional. .-Incfeasedf~~up. .• Pride and ego. •nll'~etApproach. The inter'r~gator:ai;ks quesnoD$ directly relatooto in.fQilriation :souglit, m~kirig no effort -tooonceal ,'the ·interrogation'spllrpose•. The direCt approach, aJ',vays .the first to beaueJnpteli;is.used Oil EP'Ys PI detainees . '",hothe interrogawr believeS willcdoperiile. . This .lriay~cur .wl:len interrogating ~.EPW ot \eC•. who has prOven coop¢ratiVeduringiniti~l. . . 51.., ~aiDg or tiTSt iilterrogatiol\. Ifniay-also be used on . those ""i[h liitle or no 6ecuritYtraining~The:di.rect ap·.proac)pvodcs ,best on lower enlisted perso:nn~l, as they . have liJtle or no registance trihling and have bad mini~. :malsecuriry training.·" .. . .... . . . The direct appio~tb is Simple to use, and it is possible . to obtain the maXimum amol)ot ofinfonnation in the . 'rniIiimum 8.11l0unloftime .. It.isfrequentlY empJoyed at. 'Jowereehe1oDS'When the l.8ctical $ituationpteCIU(ie$·. selecting I)ther let;l:i.ni(lljes~ andwb~re die' EPW's or 'detainee's: mental state' is One 'of confusion or extr~me . sboc:k FigureC-3 'contains sample-questions: tisedin,. diteclqllCstion~g. . . The ditect ·approachistbe.most ~ffeclive. Statisti~ sh.Ow:i~·WOrldWar, XI, jtwas.90 percent effeerive. .' In . Vjetnam and OPERATIONS URGENT FURY, JUST' . CAt7SI;and.DESERTSToRM,·it was 95 percentet'~ [ecrive.. .... " ..' . . . ...... . . . . . ... lo~",nttVe Approach . The in~ntiye.app.r~chiS.based~n the applic.aliQDOf .' inret~di!!cO.tnfort upon an EPW or detam_eewholaclai' Willpower. ·'IlIeEPW()r'"e{am~ may display tpndneSs .; . feir cenain iU){J}ty items s\Jr:b as candy, ~it,orclgafet-' . (esc This fondness provides lhe interr9gatbr w.itli a posl;.. tive means ofre""arding· tbe. EPW Or det~ineefijr cooperation RDd truthfubi&;SS,ashemaygive orWilh-. . hold such co~fort items at his discretion. Caution must . be USed when emploYmgthis tetbDiquebecause- • AnYpres.sureapplied "m ihismanner' muSt . amount to a d~nial of basic human needs under '. .' wi anydrtumstances.. [NoTE: Interrogators ma:YilQ{'~;. .;Ii Withhold asource'S rigbts. undertbeOPW, but .:~·..tb . they C3.n with~oid a source's prii.iJeges~JGrllDting..ro. incentives Jllust Dotinfringeolilhese rights~ but; ';, ':ot they canbe(hiilgs to which the source is already" . ii, entitled. This cinbe effective oIUyifthe source. is. _;de . unaware of hiSrigbts Orprlvileges; .:c,o. . •. The BPW or detaiiiec mig~tbe templed !optoVlde . . false or inaCcurale information to gain the desired . luxuxyitem or to SlOp the inlerroga,tion. . .. : The GPW, Arlicie 41,rCqUires the posting of the ton-' .' . veiltion conteniSm theEPW!8own language. This is an MP respoUsjbiJily. '. . . IncentiY~ mUst Seem ·1().be 16gkal and possible..An interrogator must not pro~i~e anyrhingth'lt cannolbe delivered. Interrogators do· DPt make' prc;miSes,but usl,laUyInfer them. whilesidesteJpingguat~ritees.. .... For exa(Ilple, if an interrogator madQ a promise he ~uld 'Ilo'tkeep .and he or anothef'interrogator had lO talkwirb the source ~gain,tileso\ltce would not have any trust a~dwbuld.probably not cooper.ate. -lilsleadot·· .··clearlypromismg a.Certainlhlng, suc:has .. polit~i::al . .aSylum, aninteriogator will offer to dowhatbe' caruo.. help: achieve the sourCe's desb-ed goal; as long ~the .. 'sou~ce cooperates. . . . ',. . As with d'Veloping tapport.the incentive approaCh _ . can be broken down irito :two inCentives. The deter.,. .. , mfnationrests on~hen tbesouree'expects 10 receive the .!neenliVe offerel. . -. . . • Shor,t term--receiVediinm~iat~ly; fOfe,u.mp16,. letter home, seeingwo~ndedbuddies: • Lorig terin~received'\vithina period of lime; for.;. example, pOlitical asylu~. . Em()tlonal Approach'..'··obj~:. . ThrouglJ EPYt.or: delamee 'o~seivati9ri,'the inter~;:i '. :erno.. . rog~tor can Often-identify doniinim.t elndtjon$"'hich·~. . If;:: ·.m.otivate. The moti'Vltingemodon may be greCd,.love;t':· for ,I' ~ate,reve~ge, orotbe~~the interrogator e'rnpl0y8 ver-!' '. " " El ail" . Ire po' uil' thf' "'pn : .,'r:.', .....• lur· '. 1, . '.aPt on .. .. . . 'i::;eS' dill ·Ob].· lPg, . do' ·~a'. 'I .. .' €:O..r . '. ;end'" .·rog(· "'ellie' : lhe: . .... 5j;. ....•:;:;•.• . . . . a~d emotionalI1JSt1S in applyjDg pr~ure to the or detainee's dommanremotions: . ~~,'l".""""W majoj. advantage .pf w.stechn1que isi~ is.' vet.and .aliows the interrogator to ~ethe same basic ·n•• ·,,·til".n positiyel~and negatively.. . ,poi~mple~ thjst~njq\le'can be used on theEPW has a great love· (or his umtand fellow soldiefS." . . interrogator may .~ke: adVaDtageofthiS by'. teHmg .'oI:,,,~:r.""""r,,.·EPW that byprovidm~p~rtineDl infonnati6n, he ~~:··lInlv.· shorten lhewar dr battle inprogre.ss and save many cOnu'ades' li~j but hiS refuSal tOl1ilk may cause . This plac:esthe burd.en oil tbe EPW or and' may fuot~te biint6 seek relief througb qoDv~rSely, 'rills ted~nique can a';;o be' used on the 'or detainee \vho batti$ bLs utUtbeCa'use it Withdrew . h.hllto be·¢ap111red. or who feels he~s unfa:irlt in his unit. In such cases, the iDtei:;rogator can "point·outtbat.if(he EPW C:OOPerates· and specifies the ':U", ""WS toeatioll;U.e.unil6in be de,slrOyed,th~ giving· ,.~. -.. . . ..,' '.' . '. . .' :k{thcEPW anopJO®.nity, for nwe~gciThe interrogator' .;,~:~proceed8with this method ina very romal m~nner~ ... ~J.! 't . . . ", '.' . . .. ". ',' ':-:" •. 'Thisapproachis Uk~lY:lobe ef(ective With the,imma· :;, lure andlitnid'EPW; .. Emotionai L.m:~ AWr()8ch.F~r the emo!ionalloye .::,~ approach: to be successful, [he interrogator must focus on the anXiety felt by th~sour(;eal.iOut lhe(!jrcumstan,. . ces in ...",hich b~ finds. himself.' The' (Ii(errogatol'. ni~t drreCtlhe' JoVe the ,source feels tOward theapproptia.te Object: faIIilly, homeland), oroomrades. H the interrogatorcanshowthe,soutte what theSQurcehhnseif c:an . 40 to aJteroriniprove his situation, the approachhas'a . I· .cl::;:=~suaniin"'l";'~meince.ti"sud; as i '. c.omnnmicationwith . ,the Source's fairiily ora quiCker 1 enc] to the' war to save his comradeS' llves..· A good jnter~f· .toga lor 'v-1U usually i:licbesttate .some futility with an , .. '. e.motion~\loveapproach ,to 'basten (he sorii'ce's reachingi 'tliebreakiilg painL '. .' -'. . . .' J ,'Sinteiityand conYictionare c:ritical in asu@sfui8[-' , . tempt:·at anemQtionallWe approach as the intenogatot . .inUstsbOw genuiIi¢concern'fot the source, aild'fo{tbe . 'objectatwhlcbmeiiuerrogatOr is direcungthe source's emotion. . . . ,Ifth6 iMerrogatorascertains the source haS greatl()ve . for hls untt and feUowsQldieis; ~be JIiierrogator can ef-.' 703 69372'78' P; 12 ·FM 34-:52" iettively exploit tbe situation. ·This placeS aburdeDon. thesour~ and may motivate bimtoseek relieflhrOugh. .roppe~tionWith the interrogator.. Einotion~ Hate ·~roacb. The emotionalhllteap" .' . proach foCuses on allY genuine hale, or pOssibly a :'deslre· for.revenge. tllesource may teel.') .The interrogal0r~usi' .' ascertain exaclly what it is the sOll,rc.e· maybaie SO. die' . .-: " em,otion ain beexplolled .to Q\lerride' thesourcc'sra:.·,., . IjODal side. The source :may have negafive'feelin~ _: . about ~ country's regime, immediiltesuperio~, of':'. ...... ficers ingeileral, orfellow.soldierS; '., ". 'This approach is usuallY mosle(fectiveon members .. :., ofmqal or religious illirtorities. who-bavesuf(ei'ed. dis-.. '.' ..... criniination in military and civilian lire ..lfasource feeb ...• \ '.' . he has beenlreaied unfairly iil his unit,.the·jnterrogator can' point out tbat, if the source cooperates and divulges' the locati.onol.that UIUt, the \Jnit~canbe destioyed,thUs" affordingtbesouree revenge. . . . '. . By using a conspiratorial tone of voice,tJle inter-·· f()galor. can elthsnce .• the . vahi~.. ·of. this tecbriicpJe. . Phrases, such as."You owe them no loyalty for the way .' they treared you,~ when u.s00 appropriately; can eXpedIte', . tbe·succesSof,this tec:hnique.. ' . Do not im.media[elyb~ginl~betate,acerlainfiitet of . . the source'sbacltgroun4 or lif¢ until yourasse,Ssment in'" dicates theS9urcefeel$anegativ~eIilb[ion towardii. . The emotionill hale approach can be USed more 'eff~ tiV~ly by drawing out '.' tbe SOUTee'S' negative eIrioti6ns•. with questions tha.telic.ii a ihought.:,provo~ng r~ponse.. .. ' For example, "Why do youtbinJ(rheyalloW.ed you to; be .... ca:ptured?~ or "Why do you think'they leftyouto4ie?~ 10 not berate the sourCe's .forces .or homeland. unleSs . certain negative emolionssurIac:;e;. .Many sources imiy have grear Jove for theit.co'unUy, but may hat~.the·regiinein control: TheemO(iOD,al ba~e·· ~pproach'is most efIe«i1Je with theiiniDature Or tiQdd . 'sourCe who may havono opportun#y up to this pOi~i . for revenge," or never had the'courage.lo vpjc.ehiS feel-" .' ing$. '. '.. . Fear.UpApprou·c'-' . . The fear~up approach ill the explOitation o( IIso\ir,ce's. pr~xis.ting fea~ during the period of captore aild inter-. rogation.' Theapproach'¥lorks bestWirii'y()ung, in'experienced $O\lfC£S; or sources who exhibit a greater th;ui" nbrmalamOtlnt of fear or· nervousness: As6urce'sfear roay bej~tified oru~justified. :Forexainple,a sonrce· \vbo .has.co.mniited :a war. crime' mCiy jUstifi~h:ty· .f~t 3-15· .' -,'. JUN-22-2004 .i i : izI7 .' .. DOD GENERAL cOUNsEL 70369TI278 I !ution and pu~hinenL .BYCODuast, a sOurce who .Ila:. oeen indoctrinated by. enemy ptopaga'ndirrnay unju~tif.iably feat !bat he will suffer torture or death in our han.dsif caphired. .'.. This approach haS :I1ie greateStpo~enlial to Violate .• lhe la~ .of war. Great 'care musibe taken to avoid t~reateniilg'ot coerClng.a so:urce whlch·js·inviolation of the GPW;Ariicle 17. . . :Itis 'Critical tbe. interrogator:' 'distinguisl1 what me SOurce fears·in order to exploit that fear. The Way in whichtbe interrogator exploits . the SOiJrce;s. fear depends on wheth~i tbesource's fear is. justified or un-. justified. '. . .. ' . . . ..... .. . Eear':'Up(HSrsb). Iiltbis approach, thelntetrogator . behaves in an oVerpowering . .nannerwith alol,idand tlrreateniIigvoi~.. ·. Theinterrogatormay.eveilfee.Jthe [teed to tmow Q1?jects across Ibe.foomtc! hCightenihe ~urc:e's. iniplantedfeeljngsof fear.. Oreat car~ mUst be taken ~hen doing lbisSQ anyac[ions wouidnot Violate :be.prohibilion on coercion an.d.thr~ts cOIItained in the . JPWfAitiClet7~ . . . Thlsle(;}llifqu~istocortvincelbe sO~:rce be doesin~ leed bave something to {ear;tbat he has :no optionb\11 Q "leriltc;:. Agoodinterr088-tof Will impfantin the 0.\ .. mind that tbe intonogcltOf. h~mSelt is not :the Ibject tQ be J~red:. but is apo.ssibleWayout of the trap. •Usorheconfitmation offearon~on sourceswbose ~T.~·.justified.· During this approach, confirm lei the OUTre that he doesjnlJeed bjive a JegitiDJate tear. Them. onVintethesQurcethal you are the souJ1:e'S b~tor 'nJy:.h~pe in ~yOjding 'Of mi~igati.Dg tbe obJect of his ~r~ such aspunislunentfot lWiCriines. . You muslla1ce.great c:are (0 avoidpromisjng actions .' 18.taJ:"e nt:;lt. iJi yO.ut power to mint F()J'eX.ample, ifthe )~cebas .com.mitteda war Crime, inform. tbesourc:e lal the' crime has been reported to the appropriate' iithorides·and. that aaionis pending. 'NextinfofIluhe )urcelhat,ifhe CQQperat~ and tells the uurb,you. win :poit that he COOpe(:tled a.ndlOi4 tbe Iruihto .theap-.' r~prUlte autbotiti¢S.You .nay add th~t youwiU also :port .hiS'~ck:ot cOoperation.' . You' may DQ(· promise ,at.the charges against him wiil bedismisserl becaus(! Inhaven,o a.uihoriiyto.dismiss tbe·chargeS .. ( f'ew~pp",M@. This approacb is better suited to·the rOQlt;c6nfidentfype of interrogator; there is generally ,·..n~toraisethe voire o'r leson tohea\'}'-h;imded, ble~~angillg.· '.. . ". ". i 1m! .. :'~':.~.~. '; :".-\.,:'., ", .'. ~ : I' • . . . .. ., . .:.". .Fot eroUnple, .capture may be a res\l1t of. coincidence-the: soldier was.. caught on the wrong side of· · the bOrder. before hostilities actually. oommen~ (he was armed, he rouid be.a terroristr--or asa resll1t of his aciions (he' surrendeted~ntrary to his n.iHrary oatb . and is new a traitof'to his muntiy. and hiS fotCeswill take care of the disciplinatyactlon), Thefear~up (mild)spproach must be credible. It usually iIivolves sonte logical in¢ent~. . . Theac-. . ... wld-,: In most casesl alol,ld Voice is not necessary. tual fear is fucreased 1;!ybelpinglhesource realize .the unpleasant cOnsequen~'tbefactSmaycaU$e a~dbY presenting' an alternative,whfcb.. of cour~can.be .. ' brougllt about byansWering.some simpl~ questio~~ '.' . The fear~up (harsh) approach is. usU~2r a dAAdend, . and a wiSeinterrogatot may wanI to keep i( in .TeServeas '. J .' .~ (rumpOl~ Mer working to inCr~elhesO\lttes. [¢ar,it wouldbe~ifficult toconvinc.e bUn everytbingWtl1 be all righr ifthe approl(;h is not SU~f11t. Fear-DownApproach This tecbnique is noth,ing more than. O\~mingthe tlally~thDonpertinenr coD'!'eisatio.n an~toavoid .the s\lbj¢ctwhich has caused the sOurce's fear. ThiS works quickly in developbig rappon and .rommll.mCation, as· the Source wiU readily resp~nd to. ~dness. .', When ~jng (IUS approach; it is~portant (bernler-. logator relate IO ~he source a{ bispeISpectivelevel and . .' not· expect rbe$ource (0' com¢ up I:Qthe ititerrogalots · level. . . .. \ :\ " " " " , lOre . eiJou . J/IM .·usua 11: fear. '..actio aWPJ. . ·.·jnyc· · ..·.. ~o. ··.·;Jegi~·· to·~· ···.··,~ed.t; .• ··.i8 tb; ·' .. direC.. .hew · :.tonn·: n: .·bme( SoUr! .; tiallj':: '. source and'corivincinghimbe .will be properly llJ)d his·It··.· humanely fre.ated;ottellinghim the war for hinlis mer,:, . ··.·.Vin~' drolly overanji ~e need. Dot go intO combat again. ..iligCJ · Whenusel\\ith a sootbiDg, ci.lm roneo! "oice;this often Creates rapport and.usual1YDi:nhingelseis Ileeded to get tbesotitCe to. cooperale~ . "'n' into: wruie calming me source, it is a goOd Idea to stay iDi~ 'ing.t· ';; 'l.'ea~. ·. dent.' .' gani(. · .l1tis 1. n·· · impl':' . 'SO'Uf'" ..:•.•. ~rdj. If the BPW or detainee is sO frighlenedhe has .,/ withdrawn inlO a I;beD «;,f regressed toaless uireatemIi.g" . ·.state.of. mind, themtepllgalor mllSi break. thro.ugh· to." hiID.nuiinterrogator~ do this by purling hiIIlself on . 1 [b.e same pbysiCallevel as. ihe' sour¢' thiS may require' some physical cOntact. As the60urce telaxes.andbegiriB· : io respond 'til kindn~t the interrogator can begin asking • :: . pertinent questions; . this.approa~h.technique may' backfire ltaUowc4 to ·go toO far. .After eonvinCing the source heh~ nC)tlting 'othr:i . "tne~. . cOil); ;.' .' fi1,Ier ··:n·· · . ··qlltS·: ,:" tiQn·.··.. .. " . ,.' he may cease to be afmidand may leelsecure. to resist _lbeinierrogator's pertinent question. occUISl r~erting to a'harsher -approach technique _will brtitg thtdlesired reSult quk¥1y. --{ear-down approach works best if the source's .-.:-.:",~..-".'-_ ]~ unNs~ified~J)'urlng ibis approach, take specific j!_~:i~1llj;tiO]IlS-_ to-reduce the souice's unjustified fear. For exl,!'lllIllPle.-if the source-believes (hat he WiD be abused while ....».-,-"._..-cilsfody,make citra efforts to eiisure that-.the weU_ cared for; fed, aDd appropriately treated. _ _-tbe 'source is mnVinCed (hat he has no reason to fear you, he will be more-inclined -ropper;ue. The interrogator --is -un(Jer -no _dUlY -to ';o~lired-ilIce 3_source's unjustified fear~ Th~,()nly pronibition that the interrogator may not say Qr-do allYthing mal__ ':a.lIli..",-tlv otiJ)directly communicateS to (he _ source _that -\\Iill be hartned unless he provides the requested iIi-_ TheseappliCatjc)Ds -o~ tbefearapproachmay be coni~tojlchleve thfi_desired ~ff~ For example; if a ~"),.,,,,,,,,.,,, .haS j~tifiedandunjUstiti~ 'fcars;yo~may ini;. _reduce thes6:urce'sunfo"unde4· fears, then ronfum l~giti1Date f~r5;.Agam, the source should be con.~~'vin~[he·inteirbga16r ishis1)eSt or oIilyhope in avoid-,. iQg or mitigating-the objectofhIs fear. - Pride and Ego Appto~ch .' . ", "',.' " ',' /,' .. . .' .. 11lC str~tegyot tb.is. approach is to ~c1( tbe _so~rce ,intorevealing4eS:fredinformarloii by goaC1ingorflatter:' , inghiIn.l~ist(ffectivewith sourceS whohaye displayed ..•., '. weakness orfeeJiilgS of inferiority. Arealor ima~inaI)' , defiCiency VOiCed al!out the soUrce, loyaltyto_hl$ or., . ga~zati.o~ o.r any other featureqlD p.-o~ue a basis for . this technique. _ . . . I . , . . -~.: The iIllerrogator accUses the sou.rce ~r weaJcneisor .. mipliesbe is unable to doa certain thing. -~typo of· -I', . -SourtejS.alsopronelo eXcuSes andreallonS why be «lid or did not do a certain thing,often shJfting the blame to ' , . oIherS. An eXample i$opening the intertogationwith the question, -WhY ~Udyou surrender so easily when you .coul~ have-escaped by crossing the nearby totdin tbe .. -II river?" . -. 1 ~.. The source is llkelYto-~prpvidea b~lsfoI'f:1lfi.her !questiC)ll.S Qr toteveal_significant iJlteUigenceinIoriria~ ;' . tion ii heattemp~to explain his surrender in .ordert() , vindiCatehiins~lf.Hemay give an answer sucbaS,· NNo t . one could CTOssthe.(ord b.ec3use it ~nllnecL" 11iiS teChnique CaD aISo be employtxtm anOthermBn;. ner••byfianering the sC)1.1rce into ~dmitting~namiil fonnation in order to gain cred,it. Foren.mple, whue interrogating _ aSlispetted saboteur, 'lhebiteItogator -.' SlaU~S; "This was a_ smooth operation. I baveseell_~ny--. _previous attemp~fail. Ibetyou planned [[hiS. Who e~. but a . cleVer person' like you would bayep'hmri~ il?' When. did you first decide to do the job?" --.' This t~nique is espedii»y effective:with the-sour~ ..' who has'been,looked down lipon by his superiorS. 'The Sourtehaslhe opportunity to show someone: be ~. b.tel"; Ugent. 'A problem wjthtbe pride and ego approach is it teUeS .' -on_ tri~keI}'.. The source Will t\tentuaUy realize he has ... -../ . .been tricked and may retose.1o eoopera.le funhei. 'If thiS--OCGUI'S, the interrogator can _easily'nioveint~a feat~up appro~'h and -convince me source t~e questions he his already answered .have committed hiin, and it would be.· . ~eles5 to r~iSt: furtber. . '. . Theinterrogaror can mention it win be. teported to' . the soun;e's forces tbat he has cooperatedfullywitb the . enemy, \1Iill be co~idere«l a traitor,-and has much to feat l!he is returned 10 MstoTc.e.s. . .' This may even offerthe intelTogatorth~ option togo _into a love-of-ramUy approa.cO where thesOlU'Ce must proteCt his tunily by prr.wenlinghis forces froml~ming .ofhiSdlipliCi£Y or collaboration. Tell.mgthe souree yOu' Will nor Jeportlhat he talked or lli~l hewasas¢veredis- . qpline pro~lein is an inCentive that ~ayenhance the ef~ feeth'eneSs ofthe approach . rOde and E£Q~UpApprQacb.niS app.bacb is Iilost . effective on soun:es with little orno intelligence,or on . mose who have been Jooked down upon for a long rUne.. IUs very effective on low-ranking enliste4 personnel and junior grad~officers, as it aDows the sOlJ,rce to final.. Iy show someone he does_ ~ndeedhavesome "blains." .' The sourreis consta~ttYOa1(eredln:tc) proVid-ingcer:' tam information in order· to g~ID credit.: -Tht .nrcro:.. -' rogator must take -care to uSe." a, . iiatle~g $omewha(;.in~~~ lone ofvoice~ and'speak highly_of me_ source througho\lt [:his-approach. This qu;cIcly.prO(JuCes ·.positive feelings on the source's p.an,ashehas pr()bably been looking tor this type of rewgnlti9D all ofhis life. -_ The intell'ogatormay' blow (hings out of proportion· Using Uetnsfrom _the Source's baCkground ~nd maldng them s~e:trl notewo~y oiimpotlant.· Iv, ._eVeryoQ~-is eager to hear prai6c, ·lhe source wm.evenmaUY reveal· to believe aUo! his for~ h~dru'i:l'oulOfrood. if the 1;~r-ISOlllrce.is hinging on. coopefllling, IUnay aidlbeinter:-.. ,r-uJ!!.ill.IIUll effort if he is ·ioldaU lbeOlher source's have '. TlIe futility approach must ~ortPesU'ated with.Olher . .. tecbniqu(i;S'· (for example•. love of comra~eS). . sOJ1ree who ~ayVf'int to help savellis comrades'liveS . . be· convinced. thebatdefield .. ~jtuatioil is hopel~ .they will diewithoul ·Jili;assislance~ ... . . , ThefutiUtyapproach.is usedlO paintableakpiCture . for the priSoner, buU[is not effective in and oCitself.in gainiilgtbe source's cooperati~n. .. We Know All This' approach may be employed iIi conjunctionwilh .. .me -file and ~osSier" technique (discussed belo'V) or by ,~:!,.,..~••, itself. H lised alone, theil#eriogator must first beqme· . . thoroughly . fanilliar with availa~ledaui conCerning the . ·so~rce. ,TobegiIl the Jnterrogalio.n, (heiitteiTogator. .. asicsquestioris.based on thisJ:nown data. Wbcn tbe ,s.otirce hesitates; refuses to~r,or provides anincor:fee:( .or incOmpleten~ply,· the ii1tt~rroga[or provirJes the ,detailed answer. . Whtn . the source be!d~ tQgi"~accurilt.e atldco~. ·pleleinfoTin8lion; tb{iintetrogator j·ntorject5queStions designed 10 gaiJ1the.needed Jhi6rrnation. Questions to . whichaliSWeis·are ~lready :kD.owo are also asked. to lest· ':~1r~· 'the source's ·ttUthfulll~.and· to.maintaiJlth~deception ;' ,:;.' ... that ·the info.rmadoniSalr.eadypiown,·By repea~gtJ1iS . 'procedure; [he int~fI'ogatQtconvinCes the ~urce that It\. resistanCe. is "-SeleS~ as eveI)'thing~ already known. . . '. ,', ....;. AiteigaJmng the SOUTCe'S cooperatiqn., ·the ~ter~ rogator still· tesl$the exten~ ... olcoopemrion by peri-.. ·odkallyusing q~es[icin.s to which lie :bas the answerS; dlis is verynecessaty'.if thei,nlqrogator does 001 thallenge[hesourrew~en beiS¥Dtk th~ so\lrce. will bow. e'IIei)'thinlf is not known, lnd be bas been tricked. He may then.provjde ,incOxT~t answerslotJ:\e interrogator's questions. .'There are sOnle inheretltproblcrils Withth~ \l$e of lite . . ·lIo,veknow ail"apptoaeb, TheinJerrogator is required to prepare eve~hlng in detaiJ.""bi~h is li.!nQ~nsum.ing. . He ~ust :commi.t much Qfthe Wormation 10meniol)', aswor)cing froinnPles may ·show the Jimil8 of the in~r·' . matio~ actuallY kt\oWo. . . . " f ~. '. .j FM 34.;s2.· . File and.Dossler The .fi1eand doS$i~r approach i8Used w~en th(dDtcl-~ · rogator ·preparesa dOSSie, conrainhig ali available infar';'...... . malioD OQtainedfrO)D documents·coneerning the ~ou.rCc:: .. or ~ o~a~tion. Carefu.larrangeint!Dt of lJ.1e , . , matenal~t~the file ruaygive [he illusjon k~t.ains;· : 0: , more data tban actuallytbcre, the me m~ybepadded .. : . with extra paper. ifJi~jlIy. Index tabs"WiIh .t1~l¢S$i,lch··· as education, employmen\ criminal record,. himtaly s~r;' .• ·· vjce, aDd.others are ~CU1arJyeff~tive.. . . The interrogatorrotlfrop·isthe sOQrce.~th· the d()s~· • siers at lbe beginning o(tbe interrogation and.~I~ihS. • intemgen~ has provjded~ complete record of~el}'.sig::·· .... .. nillcant bappeningin the· sO'llrce'5life;~heierote~ it . \MOuld be useless to resist,The iriterrogator may re,ad a. ,... few: Sel~edbits of known d~lato furtber inipres.s ihe I)outc£.. If the technique. is successful,· the sou.rce will ,beiD. ,",' tiinida.ted by the ~ii.e cifthe file, OOn:clude evel}'lliilig·. is· , . known, . and· .reSign. himself" .to·..compleiecooperation. .. Thesuqess of t/1iS technique is ]argeJy_depeqdent on i:he najyeteof me soUrce, voluine ofdata on the subject. .andskillohbeinteil'ogatO~.mwn'Vjn~g:the$ource. .. Eatabll8hYour Iderrttty .This approach is especiallyadaplable to· i,Dterrog~~ ,. · ti~n.. Theintenogatotinsists the so~rcehas ~ncor~ -'. rectly idendfled as an.infamousmdiVIdual· Wanted· by .... higher authorities on serious .chargeS, and he Is nOI (Jle: .. person be puqiortstobe..·In. aneffon to t)eatbunseir0(: .... lhlsallegation,. the, sofircemakes ~ genulrie and deuiJied . :etf9n to esmb1ish ot StlbstilDtiare his"tt:U~ Identir}t; IilS~ doing, he may.provi~e the,interrogator v-ith information· , . and leads for furtller !ievelopmenL . .... . . . . .. The Westablishyour identity"approachwaseifec;liveiJi " " '; ... 'Viet NIUIl with the Viet Cong.and in.OPERATIONS··· )UST CAUSE and DESERT STORM.· . This approach can be uscdattactic:al ecl1el~ns.The .:.... interrogator lDust be aware if il is·uWi hi ~:Djuncil6i1 .. : . with the file and dOSSier approacb,as .itway exCeedlhe· . ·tacticalinterrQ~tor's preparation resourCes. : . . . ..The irilem)Saior sllould i;Rijlally iefus~ tobCii~·rhe . soui:ce an4j~the is rbe criminal wantooby tbe am~·. ·bi~oushigher authoritles~ ThiS·will force the 50ur~t,o give·even· inor.edetailed information about hiS urit!in· ()rder to cOnVince Ih~ intei'rOgatc;rheiswhO~esa~ be.· ..•. .. iii. 'This approach workS wciJ ·wben combined \yithtb6. .... -fu.[illtyW or "we know aU" approach. . . , , • f1 '. DOD~ERAL CoUNSEL' JUN-:-22-2004 ;11:09 , " FM 34~52 . . '. , Repetltlon , Besides extensive preparation, this approachlequ.fres an experienced and compeIent interrogator, with (:Pm:.. , This approach ~ used '[Oinducecooperatiou'b'O~ a' prehensive case, knowledge, and fluency in the soUrce's , ' lostijesource; In ODe variationoftbisapproach, tbeln.~ l3.ng'uage. ' errogatorJistensc:arefuJIY 10 '~ source's ~ll5Werto a S,Jlerit .uestion, and then repeats ,tbe qu~t,io". ~n~, answer " , 6vcratrirnes.He doeSthis Witb~cb sucteed)ngqu~-Thisapproach :may besuccesstid when uSed, agairn:l , " lOD~ntiIthe$()lir'ce becomes sotho~o:ughJy. bored with ie procedure he ~Iiswers questlc:msfully aiidc.andidlr to ItiSW the interrogator, and gain :reJieftrom tbe lonotonyof thiSmethQd ' " lbe'repethiQnteclinique must bejudicio-usly us~d: as WiUgenerally '~e' !peffective whe!lem~]oyed agall;\st troverted sources Of, those having great self-control, fact,H 'may proVide an opportunity lor a source to , ~in 'IUs' composure and deb)' the ~terrogation. In' :s apprOach. the use ofmore than orieinterrogator or apereoorder haspioven·e{fediV~. ' , '" , RapldFJre I'h..is approach ,invohres a psyd:\ologic.al' ploy based ' )ntheptiDCipl~ that--:-" , '''You'plannedtIIis operation for aloJ)gtiJi:le~didtl't y?u? " Was it your idea?'" The iilterrogalor mU5tbe,patlent, •'Thoeryone li~es to be heard when he $peaks. , ", when Using this .tetbri.ique, I[mayappear the technique lItis Confusing (0 be 'h\temip~edinntid-sentenCe" ',is Dot sUCceeding, ,but \lSUally will when given a r ' ,n unrelatedqUe$tion. ' "reasonablecbanre~ his ~r'proach ttJilybe used by one 'or silnu1tane(;nisl}r ""0 or more illr~oga(ois ,in q:uestibnmg, the, same " 'ce. In employing: tlUsiechniqlJe, ,theint~rrogato.. a seneSot questions in such a manner th;lt :rite redoes nof ha\le time to ansWer a,questioncom~' :1y befo{e tbe nexton~is 8§ked. , ' ,envircinment, this Ieci\nique may proveeffecllve." ' lis contllseS the, source and he will tend to c:on~ c[ himself; as be 'bas !irtletbne totolIDullue his eJ'S.' The intel1'ogat~r then'cOilfronts the ~ource, the .ncoosistenciescausing furt~en:ontradictions. ' " ' rnany instand:s;,tbe source 'wUIbegln to talk freely ) auemptto, ~lain 'himself' .and deny' (he ", ogalor'sdalms ofinC/:msi~[encies.'ln this attemp~ urce is lik~ly to reveal more than lleintenc1S, tb~ 19 'addilional'leadsJor, furtber exploitation. This' lcb maybe ort:llestraJe4'wjth the pride and ego-' )C fear~up.approaches. , ' , QUE~ONlNG-PHASE futcrrogaUoneffort bas lWoprimal)igoals: To rogalor to' obtain atcu~[e an4pertinent infOI'QUltioilby', in'formation and to. repon, it l)ei.t~foping and" foU()~galoglC'.ll1 seq~ence.'" " . :'. . . '. :ood q\lest.i~ning tecliillques enable the inter-, , , \ ,ChQngeof Scene 'The id~ hi using tbis iipproacb ,is to .g~t the'sOurce ' 3YJ'iJ.y Cr9mtheatmospbere 'of ~n interrogation roqlD :or ' setling.. Ifthe inIerroga,tor conirontsa so~u'.~wh? is~p, prehensive or. ,frightened b~useof~he.mterrogatiQ~ , the nervous or corifiden1&Ource. When employingtblS , tech.ri.ique, lbe inten'()ga[OrS3),rs, Dothing ,to 1lle so~rce, ' but ,looks 1\im $quarely in the eye., preferabIywuli .. " sIightSnule Olihis face. It is imp0rtaiunottolooka\Vay , from the sOllJ'ccbutfQrce him to breakC)'e coJ)tactfirst. " ,'The sourcemaybeoonie~eJVOus, b~gin to'shiftinh.i8 ~air,cross and recrosshjs legs; and look: aWay~Hemayask questionS, but tbe, intet10garor shou1(}no(, ans~er until he is ready to break thesnence. Tb~source may, , blurt our questioQS sp"chas; '"cOme on now, wbat do you want with me?" " , When tlie iIltew,gator is r~dy "to break: siletlce~he may, dosowit4 some nciiicliillantque,stioDS, "such as, , ,fu SOItl~ d~cumSlan~, tlJe inrerroga1:or 1n~ybe able:' , to in\Tft~ the SQW.c.e to it different Settiilg ror,mUte and pleaSanI 'conversation•• Durine ~heoonversalionjn [his ' 'morerelax¢denvironment, th~ interrogatofBteersthe conversation to tho topic of inl,erm' Througb this somewhat indirect ~ethOd"he attemptS tt) eliQt~he desiredinformalio~; The source nIayilever ~izehe is ' ' beinginr.etrogated: , " ,Another eXample in tb1s approat;;h is an, inlel1l?gator ' ." JOSeS, as ~ coDlpou,nd.g.ualdand ~nga~es Ihes?l.lrce in, . ' conversatIon, thu,s elicItIng tbe desired information. , , ", It" " :ki:' DOJOLC 00038