DOD Questionnaire: Questions for Officer on Detainee Treatment and Rules of Engagement

POINT OF CAPTURE-- CDR/ 1SG/ P11 PS tri Date: 2-- (-R-14-k Uni
Rank 1 -‘:---(VBranch b13 4-f How Long in Job b2 7/ --Li-

Duty Position I Pc-b
/4//b
How Long in Country/Current MOS /, P161-3-,--­Interviewer b
(ALL) How did you prepare yourself and your junior leaders to become
1.
familiar with and understand the applicable regulations, OPORD/FRAGOs directives, international laws and administrative procedures to operate a unit (1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 4.1) (FM 3-19.40, paragraph 2-2, Commanders are
Collection Point?
familiar with applicable regulation., •rectives, international laws, and administrative procedures.)
c.
/.°
,
/
.e" d9-dtim-71
Goy c-,444 /a•/
(ALL) Did you and all of your Soldiers undergo Law of War training prior to
2.
deployment? Explain what training occurred. Did this training include the
Detainees? Is there a plan to train new Soldiers (replacements) to

treatment of
. (AR 350-1 para 4-14c.(2) and table G-1 Refresher
(1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 4.1)
the unit? Explain.
training, dated 9 April 2003), Level B training is conducted in units for officers, warrant officers,
NCOs and enlisted personnel commensurate with the missions of the unit. AR 190-8 para 1­5(4)(C DOD Directive 5100.77), All prisoners will receive humane treatment and that the

-following acts are prohibited murder, torture, corporal punishment, mutilation, taking of hostages, sensory deprivation, collective punishments, execution without trial by proper authority, and all cruel and degrading treatment. Prisoners will be protected against all acts of violence to include public curiosity. (DoD Directive 5100.77, para 5.5.1, The Secretaries of the Military Departments shall provide directives, publications, instructions, and training so that the principles and .rules of law of war will be known to members of their respective Departments, the extent of such knowledge to be commensurate with each individual's duties and responsibilities.)
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(ALL) What Home Station/Mob ite Training did your unit conduct prior to
3. . How
.
deployment to help your unit prepare for Detainee Operations? Describe it
did the training prepare you to conduct Detainee Operations for this deployment?
How did this training distinguish between the different categories of Detainees

(1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 4.1) (DoDD 2310.1 (The U.S. Military
(EPWs, RPs, Cis, etc.)?
Services shall be given the necessary training to ensure they have knowledge of their obligations
under the Geneva Conventions (references (b) through (e)) and as required by DoD Directive
5100.77 (reference (f)) before an assignment to a foreign area where capture or detention of
enemy personnel is possible.) AR 350-1 para 4-14 c (2) and table G-1 Refresher training, dated 9

isted'
April 2003), Level B training is conducted in units for officers, warrant officers,. NCOs and enlDirect ivepersonnel commensurate with the missions of the unit. AR 190-8 para 1-5 (4) (C), DOD
1668
DA la
How does your unit conduct sustainrnent training for Detainee Operations? How often does this occur and please describe-it? When did your
7. (ALL) DoDD 2310.1 (The U.S. Military

1.2, 1.4, 4.1)
unit last conduct this training? (1.1,
Services shall be given the necessary training to ensure they have knowledge of their obligations
under the Geneva Conventions (references (b) through (e)) and as required by DoD Directive

a foreign area where capture or detention of
.
5100.77 (reference (f)) before an assignment to
enemy personnel is possible.) AR 350-1 para 4-14 c (2) and table G-1 Refresher training, dated 9
April 2003), Level B training is conducted in units for officers, warrant officers, NCOs and enlisted
personnel commensurate with the missions of. the unit. AR 190-8 para 1-5 (4) (C), DOD Directive
5100.77, All prisoners will receive humane treatment and that the following acts are prohibited

murder, torture, corporal punishment, mutilation, taking of hostages, sensory deprivati
collective punishments, execution without trial by proper authority, and all crUel and degrading
treatment. Prisoners will be protected against all acts of violence to include public curiosity.)

ated 251600Z Apr 03 para 10 (U) All commanders will dated these ROE•
and with the"
/ rmed conflict/
(ROE from CJCS ISO Iraqi ,4_ '
ensure their personnel are familiaryith the law of; -/
..../.......ieror--./,

-4f
•_.sti-,:_/
What are your policies on the establishment of a unit holding 2
. .1, 1.,
• (CDR/1SG)
8area? How do yob ensure that these areas operate lAW Law of War? (1 (AR 190-8, paragraph 3-2, Internment facilities willse established in the communications
operations for the purpf cving, accounting for, administering, and
purpose of re

4.1)
zone of each theater of /
logistically supporting DO. The operation of all EPW internment facilities is governed. The
Theater commander remains responsible for the location of EPW facilities; detainees may be interned only in premises located on land and affording proper health and hygiene standards. Except in extreme circumstances, in the best interests of the individual, detainees will not be interned in correctional facilities housing military or civilian prisoners. Prisoners will not normally
be interned in unhealthy areas, or where the climate proves to be injurious to them, and will be removed as soon as possible to a more favorable climate. Transit camps or collecting points will receive the same treatment as in permanent detainee camps. The internment facility will be marked with the letters 'PW' (Prisoner of War camp) and will be placed so they will be clearly le from the air during the daytime. Other markings may be used when agreed to by the combatant commanders and approved by HQDA.) (ROE from CJCS ISO Iraqi operations dated
visib 251600Z Apr 03 para 10 (U) All commanders will ensure their personnel are familiar with the law
b
of armed conflict and with these RlOE.'' AR 350-1 para 4-14 c (2) and table G-1 Refresher training, dated 9 April 2003), Leve B training is conducted in units for officers, warrant officers,
0-
COs and enlisted personnel commensurate with the missions of the unit. AR 198 para 1-5 (4) (C), DOD Directive 5100.77, All prisoners will receive humane treatment and that the following acts are prohibited murder, torture, corporal punishment, mutilation, taking of hostages, sensory deprivation, collective punishments, execution without trial by proper authority, and all cruel and
Prisoners will be protecte against all acts of violence to include public
d/ /
al ,41...¦ /111......0
degrading treatment. /
• .. 0----5/curiosity.)
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1669

/-equipment, and quarters; by deference to seniors and mutual respect between senior and
by the promt and willing execution of both the letter and the spirit of the
p
personnel; commanders; and by fairness, justice, add equity for all soldiers,
subordinate/ Commanders and other leaders
their lawful/ c.
legal orders of
regardless of race, religion, color, gender, and national origin.
regll maintain discipline according to the policies of this chapter, applicable laws and regulations, w i
and the orders of seniors.)
/
What procedures do you have in place to ensure Soldiers and leaders •
12. (ALL)
understand the use of force and rules of engagement for the unit collection point?
guidelines and the ROE

(ROE Card, sustainment tng, etc) (1 .1,.
ssion. Because the use of force and ROE vary
established by higher headquarters f o
depending on the category of housed personnel and the operational environment, the
d
commander develops SOPs that follow the guidance provided. He balances the physical security of force with mission accomplishment and the protection of deployed forces. ROE from CJCS ISO Iraqi operations dated 251600Z Apr 03 para 10 (U) All commanders will ensure their personnel
are familiar with the law of armed conflict and with these OE.)
.,/
j
t"---t-t--Xi•//rA-..*G---/
A44.71
captured contraband What procedures are in place to dispose of
1.2, 4.1) (A 90-8, paragraph
13. (ALL) t
1
(enemy supplies and equipment)? (1.1,
(Commanders will collect and dispose of captured enemy supplies and equipment through
theater logistics and EOD channels.)
11 -
What policies/Procedures do you have in place to ensure that all
(5Ss & T)? What 14. (CDR/1 SG)

protected, afeguarded,,and accounted for
the humane treatment of
/
does your unit have to ensure
policies/procedures 190-8, paragraph 2-1a(1), (The commanding officer of the
Detainees? (1.1, 1.2, 4.1) (AR eroded ru d/d to designated r IAW
capturing unit will ensure that all Detainees are protected, safeguared, an accounted fo
de until evacuation , interned, or.
AR 190-8. This regulation applies from the time of p
internment facilities.) AR 190-8, paragraph 1-5 a-g, (All persons detained, capturediven
the course of conflict will be g otherwise held in U S Armed Forces custody during of/
fromthe moment they fall into the hands U S forces.until fine eatment from/ 4-440
4"
, humanitarian care and /
"Le-,---14-#1.^-#0....t
l
670
DA IG
aircraft) are as
s Servi
orMarshal
AC yustody
of foot, motor vehicle, or aircraft (other than AIREVsecmaximum custod
ry furity pfpersonnel: Under follows:. (a) Trained correctional, milita police or
circumstances, there will be one guard per restrained prisoner and two unarmed guards or one armed guard per unrestrained prisoner. Under medium custody circumstances, there will be one guard per five prisoners. In minimum custody circumstances there will be one guard per ten
(b) Non-
lit
prisoners. Trustee guards will be determined by the ACS faciy commander.
e a SGT or above who is equal or
correctional personnel: It is required that at least one guard b

senior to prisoners in a pretrial status. Under maximum custody circumstances, prisoners will
have two guards per prisoner. In medium custody circumstances, prisoners will have one guard
per two prisoners,-and in minimum custody circumstances there will be one guard per five

prisoners.
(1.1, 1.2, . ,.i
I
18 LL What medical personnel are available to sue sort DO?
equirements
'dantf
.1, 3.1:21.
-1) AEL1.90-_8, paragraph 1-4g(6) a-e, (Comma 2e
CI d RP program, and ensure that the
2. ef
and allocations for Army Medarunitsf
medical annex of OPLANS, OPORDs and contingen plans include procedures for treatment of
Detainees; Medical• support will specifically includ First aid and all sanitary aspects of food
service including provisions for potable water, -st management, and entomological support,
preventive medicine, professional medical rvices and medical supply; reviewing, , and

trained EPW, CI, RP, and
recommending, and coordinating the us and assignment of medically fCl,
OD personnel and medical material; -tabus .g policy for med ic
RP and monitoring the actions of e mixed Medical commission.)

What procedures are in place when a detainee in U S custody dies?
19. (ALL) AR 190-8, paragraph 3-3a (20): Report allegations of criminal acts or war crimes
(1..1, 1.2,4.1)
committed by or against EPW/RP to the supporting element of the U.S. Army Criminal be
Investigation Command (USACIDC). Deaths resulting from other than natural causes will ,

the attendingEPW or RP in US custody dies, with theirinvestigated by USACIDC. Para 3-10 c: When an officer charged
mander or other
medical officer furnish the camp (or hospital) com
custody before death, the following information: (1) Full name of deceased. (2) ISN of deceased.
(3) Date, place, and cause of death. (4) Statement that death was, or was not, the result of the
ned, the attending medical
deceased's own misconduct. (5) When the cause of death is undetermisifinallydetermined, a
officer will make a statement to that effect. When the cause of death

supplemental report will be made as soon as possible. e. The attending medical officer and the
appropriate camp commander will complete a DA Form 6-R (Certificate of Death). DA Formof

26 9
. The form is located at the back
per
yfout to
2669-R will be reproduced locally on 8 1/2 b 11-inch pa
this regulation. This form is for the use of Army only.

Enough copies of form will be made
provide distribution as follows: (1) Original-information center. (2) Copy-information center
(branch), if necessary. (3) Copy-The Surgeon General. (4) Copy-EPW or RP personal file. (5)
The proper civil authorities responsible for recording deaths in the particular state if the EPW dies

in the United States. 1671
CA/t/ -7) ,
(sychiatrist,
25. Do you know of the procedures to get stress counseling
Seling
Do your Soldiers know of the procedures to get cou n seling

Chaplain, Medical)?
(1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 2.1, 4:1) FM 3-19.40, paragraph

(Psychiatrist, Chaplain, Medical)?
2-48: Personnel assigned or attached to I/R facilities are trained on the care and control of
l. They are fully cognizant of the provisions of the Geneva and UN Conventions
housed personne ssi
and applicable regulations as they apply to the treatment of housed personnel. A formal training program should include stress management techniques. FM 8-51, Appendix D, D-2 f (3): Combat stress control units should provide routine mental health consultation to EPW confinement
f-
-
This should include: stress control advice to the command regarding the stressors of
fafcilities.

US Army MP personnel and any allied or coalition personnel working at the confinement facility;
U

individual evaluation and intervention for guards or prisoners when indicated. AR 190-8, Paragraph 1-5, (4) The inhumane treatment of EPW, CI, RP is prohibited and is not justified by the stress of combat or with deep provocation. Inhumane treatment is a serious and punishable violation under international law and,the Uniform Code of Mitita Justice (UCMJ). / A7t
26. Are you aware of your requirement to report abuse or suspected abuse of
AR 190-40 para 2-1, Military and civilian personnel assigned to or ­
detainees? (1.1, 1.2, 4.1)
accompanying a DoD Component know that they shall report reportable incidents through their
chain of command and that such reports also may also be made through other channels, such as
the military police, a judge advocate, or an Inspector General.) AR 190-40, Appendix B, Category

b. War
1 Reportable Serious Incidents; B-1. Actual or alleged incidents involving the following:
crimes,inclug mistreatment of enemy prisoners of war, violations of the Geneva Conventions,

concern to
din B-2. Any other incident the commander determines to be of immediateand atrocities.
HODA based on the nature, gravity, potential for adverse publicity, or potential consequences of
the incident.
190-0 para 2-1,
)
4.1 ARf4
become aware of a Detainee •eing a use•? 1.1, 1.2, 1.6,
nent know that they
Military and civilian personnel assigned to or accompanying a DoD Compo
shall report reportable incidents through their chain of command and that such reports also may

also be made through other channels, such as the military police, a judge advocate, or an Actual
Inspector General. AR 190-40, Appendix B, Category 1 Reportable Serious Incidents, B-1.
b. War crimes, including mistreatment of enemyor alleged incidents involving the following:
violations of the Geneva Conventions, and atrocities. B-2. Any other incident
prfisoer off

the commander determines to be of immediate concern to HQDA based on the nature, gravity,
ppendix Cpublicity, or potential consequences of the incident. AR 190-40, A
ffollowing:
potential f2, fthe
Category 2, Reportable Serious Incidents, C-1. Actual or alleged incidents involvi ng
Incidents involving prisoners or detainees of Army confinement or correctional facilities to

g. ich require the use of force, 1672 include escape from confinement or custody, disturbancesf
C
•fJf
n A I"
- - -f
Do you feel you can freely report an incident of alleged Detainee abuse
40, Appendix B,
-
(AR 190
29.
e G the following:
ts involving
outside Command channels (IG, CID) (1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 4.1) ci
or alleged in
of theneva
Category 1 Reportable Serious Incidents, B-1. Actual ners of war,fvi denons
olatif
my pf
b. War crimes, including mistreatment of ene incident the commander determines to be of
Conventions, and atrocities. B-2• Any other

immediate concern to HQDA based on the nature, gravity, potential for adverse publicity, or
potential consequences of the incident. AR 190-40, Appendix C. Category 2, Reportable Serious
Incidents, C-1. Actual or alleged incidents involving the following: g. Incidents involving prisoners
or detainees of Army confinement or correctional facilities to include escape from confinement or

or serious injury to a prisoner,
custody, disturbances which require the use of force, woun fding commander determines to be of concern
and all prisoner deaths. C-2. Any other incident that the c

to HQDA based on the nature, gravity, potential for adverse publicity, or potential consequences
of the incident. AR 190-8, 5-1. General protection policy—civilian internee, a. Treatment. (1) No
form of physical torture or moral coercion will be exercised against the Cl. This provision does not

essary to effect compliance with
constitute a prohibition against the use of minimum force necIn all circumstances, the Cl will be
measures authorized or directed by these regulations. (2)

ated with respect for their person, their honor, their family rights, their religious convictions and
•f m
l times the ci will be huanely treated and
pr al In all official cases
riosity.
actices, and their manners and customs. At and insults and public cu
,ff
protected against all acts of violence or threats
they will be entitled to a fair and regular trial as prescribed by this regulation. (3) The Cl will be
ally protected against all acts of violence, insults, public curiosity, bodily injury, reprisals of

especially
kind, Sexual attack such as rape, forced prostitution, or any form of indecent assault. (4) The
dverse distinction based.on race,
without a
wit bted with the same consideration and fact or allegation of inhumane
Cl wle treated f6-9, e. Any WASH DC
religion, political opinion, Sex, or age. AR190-8, para orted to HQDA (DAMO-ODL),
regulation will be reptreatment or other violations of tf
20310-0400 as a Serious Incident Report. Reporting instructions in AR 190-40 will be used.)
/
(IG, CID,
30. What procedures do you have to report suspected detainee abuse
(AR 190-40, Appendix B, Category 1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 4.1) b. War

Next Level Commander)
Reportable Serious Incidents, B-1. Actual or alleged incidents involving the following: crimes, including mistreatment of enemy prisoners of war, violations of the Geneva Conventions,
concern tof immediates to be off consequences of
and atrocities. B-2. Any other incident the commander determiney l HQDA based on the nature, gravity, potential for adverse publicit, or potentia the incident. AR 190-40, Appendix C, Category 2, Reportable Serious Incidents, C-1. Actual or
ng the following: g. Incidents involving prisoners or detainees of Army
d
e from confinement or custody, disturbancesalleged incidents involving
confinement or correctional facilities to include escap
which require the use of force, wounding or serious injury to a prisoner, and all prisoner deaths. e
of
to be of concern to HODA based n th
fdetermines 90-
C-2. Any other incident that the commander ee a. l consequences of the incident. ARU
potentiartre nature, gravity, potential for adverse publicity, or
General protection policy—civilian internee, . Treatment. (1) No form of physical to 8, f
or moral coercion will be exercised against the Cl. This provision does not constitute a prohibition against the use of minimum force necessary to effect compliance with measures authorized orthese regulations. (2) In all circumstances, the Cl will be treated with respect for their directed byf p
person, their honor, their family rights, their religious convictions and ractices, and their manners and customs. At all times the Cl will be humanely treated and protected against all acts of 1673
/
accomplishing the unit's assigned mission while caring for personnel and property in their charge.. A simple and direct chain of command facilitates the transmittal of orders.from the highest to the lowest level in a minimum of time and with the least chance of misinterpretation. b. Commanders
delegate sufficient authority to soldiers in the chain of command to accomplish their assigned duties, and commanders may hold these soldiers responsible for their cti•ns.
•
33. Describe your working environment and living conditions since.being in
(1.2, 1.3, 1.4,
(Identify physical and psychological impact on Soldier's attitude).
1.5, 1.6, 1.7) FM 10-1, Ch. 7, para. 3, "Tactical Vision. A primary QMC focus at the tactical level
will continue to be on sustainment of the soldier. Each company-sized unit will have two cooks
and a small, state-of-the-art field kitchen. This provides a limited capability to prepare or heat

Theater.
uire
meals and supplements. An improved containerized capability for providing responsive laundry
on the battlefield must be developed. Frontline soldiers req
ard
and shower support well forw as
brief respites from the rigors siated wi th combat. A facility complex (Force Provider) will be
oc
available in which they can shower, clean their clothes, eat hot meals, and rest in an

environmentally controlled shelter.
-. 5.-(er--tfr1-44m-14—.

Has it changed or
34. Describe the unit command climate and Soldier morale.perception of the
(Identifies Soldiber's
evolved since you have been in Theater?

chain of command and Soldier attitude. Does the Soldier feel supported? Do Soldiers feel
1 AR 600-20 • 13 May 2002 1-5.
ed is responsible for establishing Command, b. Elements of command. c. The commander

the Command cares? Are they getting clear guidance?)
leadership climate of the unit and developing disciplin and cohesive units. This sets the parameters within which command will be exercised and, therefore, sets the tone for social and duty relationships within the command. (1 Commanders and other leaders committed to the professional Army ethic promote a positive environment. If leaders show loyalty to their soldiers,
the Army, and the Nation, they earn the loyalty_of their soldiers. If leaders consider their soldiers' needs and care for their well-being, and if they demonstrate genuine concern, these leaders build a positive command climate. (2) Duty is obedient and disciplined performance.. Soldiers with a
sense of duty accomplish tasks given them, seize opportunities for self-improvement, and accept responsibility from their superiors. Soldiers, leader and led alike, work togetherto accOmplish the•
4,43--7-0,--e_
204-4-
/ pe
mission rather than feed their self-interest..

1674
F A tr.
(grade, if any, and name), a member of the (DAIG). I am-part of Ia team inspecting detainee operations, this is not a criminal investigation. I
am usesime to
y
rights because of a statement you ma(Spe
ify
adin you your
am re e gct that you may have committed ____-----.
susp
oense, i.e. aggravated assault, assault, munrder). Under Article 31, you
aynothing at all. Any statement
sal by
have the right to remain silent, that is,
you make, oral or written, may be used as evidence against you in a tri have
courts-martial or in other judicial or administrative proceedings. You

this ht to consult a lawyer and to have a lawyer present during
the rig le
interview. You have the right to military gal counsel free of charge. In
addition to military counsel, you are entitled t o civilian counsel of your own
choosing, at your own expense. You may request a lawyer at any time
during this interview. If you decide to answer questions, you may stop the
questioning at any time. Do you understand your rights? Do you want a
lawyer? (If the answer is yes, cease all questions at this point). Are you

willing to answer questions?
ened leading up to and during the
36. Describe what you understand happ
(No applicable standard)

incident(s) of abuse.
37. Describe Soldier morale, feelings and emotional state prior to and after these
tmosp

(Identifies unit and Soldier morale, atmosphere, mood, attitude, stress,
incidents?

retaliation, preemption, family crisis)
38. Was this incident reported to the chain of command? .1-low, when & what was

(Identifies compliance, procedure, timeliness,
(AR 190-40,
done? What would you have done? (1.2, 1.6)

en and effect on unit morale.)
tion tab le Seriotis Incidents, B-1. Actual or alleged incidents involving
pt

Soldir perceion of ac
Appen ategory 1 R
d B, C War crimes, including mistreatment of enemy prisoners of war, violations of the
b.
Geneva Conventions, and atrocities. B-2. Any other incident.the' commander determines to be o
the following:
nature, gy, potential for adverse publicity, or
ravit
based on the -40, Appendix C Category 2, Re0ortable Seriousiate concern to HQDA
immed/ AR 190
inci dent.
of the
potential consequences/
Incidents, C-1. Actual or alleged incidents involving the following: g. Incidents involving prisoners or detainees of Army confinement or correctional facilities to include escape from confinement or custody, disturbances which require the use of force, wounding or serious injury to a prisoner, and all prisoner deaths. C-2. Any.other incident that the commander determines to be of concern
for adverse publicity, or potential consequences --civilian internee, a. Treatment. (1) No
n the nature, gravity, p rotection policy—civilian
to the in /
cident. AR 190-8, 5-1. General p 1675
.
form of physical torture or moral coercion will be exercised against the Cl. This provision :oes not
of the in based o
_
(Identifies/e in lace to boost morale or to relieve stress?
p
FM 22-51, para 11-5. Prevention of Misconduct Stress Behaviors. The
measuresar/
40./
measures which reduce battle fatigue and prevent battle fatigue casualties should also help
ceived solution.) reduce the incidence of misconduct stress behaviors. However, additional actions also need to be practiced consistently by leadership at all echelons and by buddies at the small unit level. FM 22-51, para 1-3, Stress control requires special involvement from direct (small unit) leaders. The
perceived
•
/
responsibility extends up through the organizational leaders and their staffs (both officers and
at all echelons. Appendix A describes combat stress risk /
factors and prescribes leaders' actions to control them. Leaders, staffs, and individual soldiers all
receive assistance from the supporting chaplains, the medical personnel, and combat stress
control/mental health personnel (see Appendix B for information pertaining to combat stress

control units). If any link in the chain of responsibility is weak, it is the responsibility of the other
members of the chain to strengthen it..FM 8-51, para 1-1, b. Responsibility For Stress Control.
noncommissioned officers [NC support;
/chain oflized tnd) by specia
Control of stress is the commander's responsibility (see FM 22-51) at all echelons. The
ff saff
the chaplaincy; unit medical personnel; general, principal, and special

commander is aided in this responsibility by the noncommissioned officer (Na
Army CSC units and mental health personnel.
(Identifies perceived solution.) FM 22-103, Leadership
recess of influencingThe p
command climate of your unit? /6, - "Leadership./0 , and Command at Senior Levels, 21 Jun 1987, p. and
others to accomplish the mission by providing purpose, direction, and motivation." AR 600-10
Army Leadership, 17 Sep 1993, p. 8, 1987- "Senior-level leadership is the art of direct
indirect influence and the skill of creating the conditions for sustained organizational success to . achieve the desired result. But, above all, it is the art of taking a vision of what must be done,
communicating it in a way that the intent is clearly understood, and then being tough enough to
ensure its execution."
1676
nA Ilr•